Review on Emergency Evacuation Behavior of Minors

doi:10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2026.05.002

Abstract

Abstract: The physiological development and cognitive abilities of minors show pronounced age-related characteristics. To systematically review the research progress, behavioral mechanisms, and future directions which concern the evacuation behavior among minors in different age groups, this study retrieved the literature from core databases including CNKI, Web of Science, and Scopus. Following the PRISMA procedure, 272 publications were selected, and a review was conducted from three perspectives: research evolution, research methods, and age-specific behavioral characteristics. The results show that the research on the evacuation of minors has gradually shifted from early macro-level assessments, such as total evacuation time and exit capacity, toward the mechanisms of pre-movement behavior, microscopic pedestrian-flow parameters, route decision-making, and the effects of adult accompaniment. There is a clear difference between Chinese and international research orientations that the Chinese studies tend to emphasize the empirical measurements and practical applications in places where minors congregate, whereas the international studies place greater emphasis on the accumulation of basic data and the refined calibration of model parameters. The existing studies have formed a methodological system with functionally complementary: field investigations and questionnaire surveys support the analysis of cognitive patterns; evacuation drills enable the behavioral observation in realistic scenarios; controlled experiments extract key movement parameters; and computer simulations support multi-scenario evacuation assessment. Age-specific studies reveal the behavioral heterogeneity among minors. The evacuation of infants and preschool children（(0, 6) years old）is highly dependent on adult care and assisted transfer, and modeling approaches need to shift from treating them as independent low-speed individuals to representing care-dependent coupled movement units. School-aged children（[6, 12) years old）have basic rule comprehension and autonomous movement ability, but their route judgment and queue coordination remain constrained by multiple external factors, making them limited autonomous actors under rule-based constraints. Adolescents （[12, 18) years old）have movement abilities close to those of adults, but their walking speed, bottleneck flow rate, and spatial behavior are still regulated by crowd density and other factors; therefore, adult parameter systems cannot be directly applied. Overall, the existing studies have preliminarily established empirical parameter datasets for child evacuation and heterogeneous behavior modeling frameworks. However, research gaps remain in the precision of age stratification, adult-child coupled movement units, and scenario expansion. Future research should broaden the research scope and develop a continuous evacuation analysis framework integrating evacuation, assembly, transportation, and guardian handover.

Key words: traffic engineering, emergency evacuation, literature review, minors, evacuation behavior

摘要： 未成年人的生理发育与认知能力具有显著年龄阶段性特征。为系统梳理各年龄段未成年人疏散行为的研究进展、行为机制和未来方向，本文以中国知网、WebofScience、Scopus等核心数据库为来源，依据PRISMA（Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses）流程筛选得到272篇文献，从研究演变、研究方法和分龄行为特征开展综述。研究表明：未成年人疏散研究已从早期的总疏散时间测算和出口通行能力评估等宏观层面，逐步转向预动作行为机理、微观行人流参数、路径决策机制和成人陪护效应的演化。中外研究取向存在明显差异：国内研究侧重聚集场景的实测与应用落地，国外研究更关注基础数据积累与模型参数精细化校准。现有研究形成功能互补的方法体系：实地调研与问卷支撑认知规律解析，疏散演习实现真实场景行为观测，可控实验完成核心运动参数提取，计算机仿真开展多情景方案推演。分龄特征研究揭示了行为异质性：婴幼儿与学龄前儿童（(0,6)岁）疏散高度依赖成人照护与辅助转运，建模思路需从独立低速个体转向照护依赖型组合单元；学龄儿童（[6,12)岁）具备基本规则理解与自主移动能力，但路径判断与队列协同受多重外部约束，属于规则约束下的有限自主行动主体；青少年（[12,18)岁）运动能力接近成人水平，但其行进速度、瓶颈流率与空间行为仍受人群密度等因素调控，无法直接沿用成人参数体系。总体而言，现有研究已初步构建儿童疏散实测参数库与异质行为建模框架，但年龄分层精度、“成人与儿童”组合单元、场景拓展等方面仍存在研究缺口，未来需拓展研究范畴，构建贯通撤离、集合、转运和监护交接的连续疏散分析框架。

关键词: 交通工程, 应急疏散, 文献综述, 未成年人, 疏散行为

CLC Number:

U491

YAO Yishu, ZHANG Xinhai, LU Wei, CAI Jun. Review on Emergency Evacuation Behavior of Minors[J]. Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, 2026, 26(5): 22-33.

姚亦舒, 张鑫海, 陆伟, 蔡军. 未成年人应急疏散行为研究综述[J]. 交通运输系统工程与信息, 2026, 26(5): 22-33.

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