交通运输系统工程与信息

交通运输系统工程与信息 ›› 2026, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (5): 320-330.DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2026.05.027

• 系统工程理论与方法 • 上一篇    下一篇

复杂空间约束下城市低空物流两级起降设施选址研究

李楠*1 ，王子实1 ，郑志刚2 ，张玉姣3   

  1. 1. 中国民航大学，空中交通管理学院，天津300300；2.中国民航科学技术研究院，北京100070； 3. 广西壮族自治区地理信息测绘院，广西柳州545006
  • 收稿日期:2026-06-17 修回日期:2026-07-22 接受日期:2026-08-21 出版日期:2026-10-25 发布日期:2026-10-21
  • 作者简介:李楠（1978—），女，辽宁抚顺人，副教授。
  • 基金资助:
    广西重点研发计划(桂科FN2600640600)。

Two-Level Takeoff and Landing Facility Siting for Urban Low-Altitude Logistics Under Complex Spatial Constraints

LI Nan*1, WANG Zishi1, ZHENG Zhigang2, ZHANG Yujiao3   

  1. 1. College of Air Traffic Management, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China; 2. China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing 100070, China; 3. Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Institute of Geographic Information Surveying and Mapping, Liuzhou 545006, Guangxi, China
  • Received:2026-06-17 Revised:2026-07-22 Accepted:2026-08-21 Online:2026-10-25 Published:2026-10-21
  • Supported by:
    Guangxi Key Research and Development Program (桂科FN2600640600)。

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摘要： 针对城市低空物流两级起降设施布局受需求集聚、限制区、敏感设施和建成环境共同影响的问题，本文构建固定规模两级起降设施的选址方法。该方法综合人口与功能活动表征规划阶段潜在需求并估算日均货运需求，将水域、机场限制空间等不具备布局条件的区域作为硬约束从候选空间中剔除，并以邻近惩罚控制敏感设施影响；依据末端覆盖和区域汇聚功能差异，分别生成二级起降点和一级枢纽候选位置。在需求覆盖和二级起降点-一级枢纽连接关系基础上建立考虑设施容量和货运量平衡的两级选址模型，采用COIN-ORBranch-and-Cut（CBC）求解器限时求解混合整数线性规划模型，并设计覆盖-均衡双种群启发式算法；通过建设场地匹配，将选址结果匹配至建筑屋顶、平台或连续开放空间。天津市十区案例表明：两级候选位置差异化构建能够依据需求分布和设施功能形成相应的候选空间；本文算法平均目标值较变邻域搜索和自适应大邻域搜索分别提高2.44%和3.62%，最高目标值达到数学规划3600s限时可行解的97.90%。敏感性分析表明：设施规模、服务范围和容量水平会共同影响需求覆盖、空间距离和设施负荷。两类方案中的二级起降点均可匹配到满足面积要求的建筑屋顶或平台，而一级枢纽均未匹配到满足面积和形态要求的连续开放空间，表明两级设施的建设场地条件存在明显差异。

关键词: 航空运输, 设施选址, 混合整数线性规划, 两级起降设施, 低空物流, 启发式算法

Abstract: A fixed-size two-level facility siting method is developed for urban low-altitude logistics under concentrated demand and complex spatial constraints. Population and functional activities are integrated to represent the potential demand in planning stage and estimate the daily freight demand. The areas unsuitable for construction, such as water bodies and airport-restricted spaces, are removed as hard constraints, while sensitive facilities are accounted for proximity penalties. The candidate secondary sites for terminal coverage and primary hubs for regional consolidation are generated separately. A two-level siting model considering two-level facility capacity and freight-flow balance is formulated based on demand coverage and secondary-site-to hub connections. The COIN-OR Branch-and-Cut (CBC) solver provides a time-limited feasible solution as the mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) benchmark, and a coverage-balance dual-population heuristic algorithm generates alternative layouts. Site matching links the siting results to rooftops, platforms, or continuous open spaces. In the ten-district Tianjin case, differentiated candidate generation for the two facility levels forms the corresponding candidate spaces that reflect demand distribution and facility roles. The proposed heuristic algorithm improves the mean objective value by 2.44% and 3.62% over variable neighborhood search and adaptive large neighborhood search, respectively, and its best solution reaches 97.90% of the 3 600 s time limited mathematical programming solution. The sensitivity analysis shows that facility scale, service range, and capacity jointly affect coverage, distance, and facility loads. The secondary sites in both layouts can be matched to rooftops or platforms satisfying the area requirement, whereas no primary hub can be matched to a continuous open space satisfying both area and shape requirements, indicating the different site conditions for two facility levels.

Key words: air transportation, facility siting, mixed-integer linear programming, two-level takeoff and landing facilities, low altitude logistics, heuristic algorithm

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