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    25 April 2021, Volume 21 Issue 2 Previous Issue    Next Issue

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    Calculation Model and Application of Negative External Cost of Traffic Congestion
    SHAO Yuan, LIN Pei-qun, ZHENG Jian,ZHANG Xiao-ning
    2021, 21(2): 1-6. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1226KB) ( )  

    It appears that the negative external cost of traffic congestion has not been considered in the price system of economic leverage control policies, which causes an imbalance in the allocation of traffic resources. To scientifically quantify the negative external cost of traffic congestion, this study analyzes the negative economic cost of traffic congestion in terms of time delay, traffic accidents, and environmental pollution, and proposes a car quantitative mathematical model to reflect the negative external cost of traffic congestion. Taking Shenzhen city as an example, the paper calculates the typical negative external cost of traffic congestion in a city. The result shows that the average negative external cost of traffic congestion generated by each car in Shenzhen throughout the year is as high as 24460 CNY, and the negative external cost of traffic congestion is about 2.1 CNY per kilometer of each car. In accordance with the "user pays" principle, the economic leverage control policy charging rate should cover the negative external cost of car traffic congestion, and it is recommended to refer to a charge of 2.1 CNY per kilometer per car.

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    Tripartite Evolutionary Game of Rail-road Intermodal Transport System under Domination of Government
    XU Xin-yang, YANG Yang
    2021, 21(2): 7-15. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1868KB) ( )  

    The operation of rail- road intermodal transportation is an energy- efficient transportation mode that is essentially developing in our country. From a systematic point of view, this paper constructs a tripartite game model between the government and road- rail transport companies. There exist 7 equilibrium points for the road- rail intermodal transportation system to satisfy the stability conditions through the game stability analysis. A numerical simulation is conducted to study the evolution of the ideal strategy set for its internal mechanism of each subject in the road- rail combined transport system. The evolution trend of the system is analyzed with the change of the initial strategic willingness of each subject. It is found that the evolution rate of highway and railway transportation companies toward cooperative strategies is not affected by the initial willingness, and the evolution rate is accelerated as the government actively promotes the strategic willingness. Finally, the influence of government behavior on the evolution of the game is analyzed. It is found that the increase in government subsidies, supervision, and the intensity of illegal supervision will speed up the evolution of highway and railway transportation companies towards cooperative strategies. The decline in the government's image is an important factor in promoting its active policy.

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    Co-opetition Relationship Analysis of China Railway Express Considering Government Subsidy Strategy
    ZHANG Meng-meng, XU Mao-zeng
    2021, 21(2): 16-21. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1368KB) ( )   PDF(English version) (628KB) ( 76 )  

    In view of the market competition between the domestic node cities in the network of the China Railway Express, this paper establishes a competition cooperation game model to analyze the competition cooperation relationship between governments and platform companies by considering the competition and cooperation decisionmaking of both local government and platform company. In the model, the local government, as one of the game participants, formulates the subsidy strategy for platform company according to the maximum goal of social welfare, and the platform company makes demand according to the maximum goal of profit under the government subsidy. The paper compares the profit and government social welfare of platform companies under three different scenarios: (i) fierce competition, (ii) platform company cooperation and (iii) government led the cooperation. The optimal strategy of competition and cooperation of node cities is analyzed with numerical examples. The results show that the government led cooperation between platform companies of two places is beneficial to the increase of local social welfare. However, such cooperation mode is not optimal for platform companies. When platform companies and competitors take the initiative to seek cooperation, platform companies can obtain higher demand and profits. Further numerical analysis shows when the competition is more intense, the government and platform companies are more motivated to cooperate. The study provides important reference for the reconstruction of China Railway Express ecology.

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    Total Factor Productivity and Influencing Factors Analysis for Ports Considering Carbon Emissions
    GE Yan-yan, WANG Shan-shan
    2021, 21(2): 22-29. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1516KB) ( )  

    Based on the panel data of 19 coastal ports in China from 2009 to 2018, this paper combines DEA method and direction distance function to develop the total factor productivity model for ports and considers the unexpected output in the modeling process. The panel data model is used to identify the internal and external factors that affect the total factor productivity of the ports. The results indicate that the total factor productivity of main coastal ports in China has been improved in different degrees; the ports with large cargo throughput is not necessarily with high GML index. The technical efficiency of the ports has been reduced, but the technical progress has been improved. The mean values of GML in the southeast coastal area, the Yangtze River Delta and the southwest coastal area of the five major port groups are relatively stable, while the mean values of GML in the Port Group and the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone around the Bohai Sea are relatively unstable and with fluctuations. The GML index of port is not only affected by internal factors, but related to the total amount of goods imports and exports, for example, the total amount of goods imports and exports grow 1 percentage would cause the GML index of port increase by 0.049242 percentage.

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    Regional Intercity Railway Planning Method Based on Individual Travel Path
    LI An-jun, WANG Dian, PENG Qi-yuan
    2021, 21(2): 30-36. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1914KB) ( )  

    This paper considers the concept that Mobility as a Service (MaaS) and investigates the intercity railway network design problem. The travel demand with individual features and the transport services with time windows are taken into full considerations. Transportation infrastructure, transport services, and travel demand are connected on a space- time network. Assuming that all links exist, the study takes intercity railway, urban rail transit, and road infrastructures and services into account, and obtains several feasible paths from the origin to destination within the travelers' time window for each type of travelers. The integer linear programming model is then designed to minimize the total generalized cost for all travelers and investment on the network. With identical physical links and transport services, the study analyzes three scenarios with same number of travelers and different demand features and verifies the significance and effectiveness of the model. The results show the proposed intercity railway planning method well reflects different types of travel demand and maximize total benefits in terms of travel time and investment, which also provides a new perspective for regional intercity railway planning

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    Real Time Estimation of Saturated Flow Rate of Mixed Traffic Flow Based on Automatic License Plate Recognition Data
    WANG Dian-hai, GUO Jia-lin, CAI Zheng-yi
    2021, 21(2): 37-43. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1547KB) ( )  

    In order to solve the problem of real-time and time- varying of saturated flow rate measurement of mixed traffic flow, a real-time saturated flow rate estimation method based on automatic license plate recognition (ALPR) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the headway data is extracted in different signal periods. With the assumption that the headway follows the identical normal distribution when the types of successive vehicles are determined, the Gaussian mixture model of vehicle headway is constructed and solved by EM algorithm. The parameters in the Gaussian mixture model are obtained by fitting the data with the best clustering number based on Akaike information criterion. According to the Gaussian mixture model of headway, the saturated flow rate of mixed traffic flow can be calculated. Taking the ALPR data in three sections of Hangzhou urban road as an example, the sampling error of headway obtained from ALPR data is analyzed and compared with the traditional HCM (highway capacity manual)method. The results show that the relative error of mixed saturated traffic flow rate obtained by the model is small. The sampling error of headway based on ALPR data meets the accuracy requirements. Compared with the traditional HCM method, the method can automatically deploy real- time calculation considering the time- varying characteristics of mixed traffic flow, which has practical significance and good robustness.

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    Real-time Intersection Queue Length Estimation Based on Kalman Filtering
    JIANG Yang-sheng, GAO Kuan, LIU Meng, WANG Si-chen, YAO Zhi-hong
    2021, 21(2): 44-50. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1837KB) ( )  

    Considering the existing queue length estimation methods cannot dynamically reflect the queue length at intersections, this paper proposes a Kalman filtering- based queue length estimation model using real-time connected vehicles data. The stepwise state transition equation is developed based on the number of vehicles joining and leaving the queue at the current moment. The observation equation is formulated through the current number of queuing connected vehicles and the penetration rate. Then, a regression model is used to estimate noise covariance matrixes of the state transition equation and the observation equation. The process of the queue estimation is established and the evaluation index is proposed to measure the effectiveness of the proposed model. A simulation evaluation is then performed based on actual data. The results show that when the penetration rate of connected vehicle is 30% , the average values of mean absolute errors (MAE) is 1.6 vehicles, the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) is 20.9%, and root mean square errors (RMSE) is 2.5 vehicles. When the penetration rate of connected vehicle is over 20%, the proposed method shows better performances than the benchmark method.

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    A Multi-direction Traffic Flow Statistics Algorithm Based on Anchor-like Visual Loops
    CHEN Xiu-feng, WU Yue-chen, BING Qi-chun,NIE Rui-rui
    2021, 21(2): 51-57. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2040KB) ( )  

    To reduce the problem of vehicle misclassification in urban road traffic flow detection, a multi- direction traffic flow detection algorithm based on anchor-like virtual loops is proposed. Firstly, the vehicle image samples are collected and randomly divided to construct the balanced data set of passenger cars, buses, and motorcycles. The height and width of three types of vehicles are obtained by clustering with the DBSCAN algorithm, so as to correct the size of scene vehicle recognition loops, set object detection loops, and combined vehicle recognition loops. Secondly, the ResNet18 convolutional neural network is trained based on balanced data set to distinguish vehicles. Finally, the improved kernel correlation filter tracking algorithm is used to track the vehicle trajectory, and the multi- direction traffic flow detection is completed through the counting line. The experiment analysis shows that for one-way traffic flow, the average positive detection rate at peak and non-peak hours increases by 5.09% and 4.57%, and the average false detection rate decreases by 5.31% and 2.35%. In the multi-directional traffic flow, the positive counting rate for straight traffic flow at peak and non-peak hours is increased by 5.01% and 5.99%, while that for left-turn traffic flow increased by 4.29% and 4.56%.

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    Car-following and Lane-changing Behavior of Mixed Traffic in Work Area
    CHEN Ling-juan, ZHANG Si-qi,MA Dong-fang
    2021, 21(2): 58-64. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1937KB) ( )  

    To analyze the car- following and lane- changing behaviors in mixed traffic flow nearwork area, this paper develops an improved cellular automaton model to describe connected vehicles' real-time communication and smaller safe distance. The lane- changing intention of human- driven and connected vehicles in different areas are analyzed separately. Then the anticipated lane-changing in communication area and mandatory lane-changing in work area based on distance acquisition and gap sorting are modeled for connected vehicles. The traffic flow distribution and movement for mixed traffic are simulated with a combination of human-driven vehicles' model. A numerical example is presented with MATLAB simulation for repeated times to eliminate random influence. The results indicate that the connected vehicles are able to expand capacity, improve average speed and reduce travel time. The results of lane-changing spot analysis shows that with large proportion of connected vehicles, the points of anticipated lane changing are closer to mandatory zones but human-driven vehicle's lane-changing point sees marginal impacts from the mixed traffic in work area.

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    Bus Trip OD Identification Based on Mobile Phone Data
    YU Yong-bo, HOU Jia
    2021, 21(2): 65-72. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1783KB) ( )  

    This paper develops the bus trip identification model and the OD probability model based on the connection between the traveler's mobile phone data and the bus trajectory data. The proposed models help to identify the Origin to Destination (OD) of mobile phone users' bus trips considering the bus Global Positioning System (GPS) trajectory and the traveler's transfer behaviors in the identification of subway trips, the mobile phone data and Integrated Circuit (IC) card data are integrated to extract the bus and non- bus trip data with millions of samples as the verification set. The impact from major parameters on the identification accuracy are also analyzed such as trip distance, the overlap of bus routes, etc. The results show that: in the verification set, the accuracy rate of bus trip recognition is 0.807, recall rate is 0.912, transfer recognition accuracy rate is 0.660, recall rate is 0.756; the bus line recognition accuracy rate reach 75.5%, and the inter station OD recognition accuracy rate is 71.9%; different parameter values have significant impact on the recognition effect. In addition, the longer the travel distance and the lower the bus line overlap coefficient, the higher the bus lines and OD recognition accuracy would be. The recognition effect appears to be the best when the trip distance is more than 6 km and the average bus section overlap coefficient is less than 4.

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    Multiband Model for Arterial Traffic Involving Straight and Left Turn Trams
    WANG Hao, LI Dong-ping,SUN Guo-ding
    2021, 21(2): 73-81. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2147KB) ( )  

    In order to reduce the delay and stoppages of the trams and take into account the efficiency of general traffic, this paper proposes an arterial traffic signal coordination method which includes straight tram lines, left turn tram lines and general traffic together. First, four typical phase schemes were designed for the intersection with straight and left turn tram lines. Second, the constraints of green wave systems for the general traffic, the straight trams, and the left turn trams were established, respectively. The interactive constraints of the three green waves systems were constructed as well. Third, the constraints and objective function constituted a mixed integer programming, based on the classic MULTIBAND model. Finally, a case study was performed for the model validation. The bandwidths of green waves for trams were 10 s, and the bandwidths of green waves for general traffic were more than 34 s, with 63.6 s as the maximum bandwidth. The results indicate that the proposed arterial traffic signal coordination model can find the optimal solution of the green wave with maximal bandwidth for general traffic, under the premise of providing both straight trams and left turn trams basic green wave systems.

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    Speed Control Strategy and Optimization of Signalized Intersection in Network Environment
    LIU Xian-gui, WANG Hui-nian, HONG Jing-wei, HAO Lei
    2021, 21(2): 82-90. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2796KB) ( )  

    To encourage the energy saving and emission reduction at the signalized intersections and improve the efficiency of road traffic, this paper establishes an ecological driving induction speed control strategy and a fuel consumption emission model based on the target vehicle speed correlation. The multi- objective genetic algorithm is used to optimize the target speed of ecological driving under the scenario of acceleration and deceleration crossings. The fuel consumption, emission, and travel time are defined as the objective functions, and the posted speed limit and non-stop passing speed are used as the constraints. Then, the joint simulation of different algorithm permeability and road saturation scenarios was carried out using MATLAB and VISSIM simulations. The joint simulation results were imported into the micro emission model MOVES to estimate the energy consumption and emission. The results show that the control strategy can increase the average speed by 13.8%, reduce the proportion of idling mode by 33%, and increase the proportion of medium speed cruise mode by 18%. The energy consumption and emissions of N2O, NOX, HC and CH4 were reduced by 6.6%, 12.2%, 4.0%, 6.3%, 2.9% respectively, and CO emissions increased by 1.5% under the scenario of high algorithm permeability and low road saturation. At last, the chassis dynamometer test was performed for the speed trajectories under different control strategies. The results show that compared with the scenario without speed control, the proposed strategy reduced the energy consumption by 53.1% and the emissions of CO, CO2 and PN respectively by 47.6%, 50.4%, 39.8% with NOX emission increase of 13.6%.

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    Vehicle Trajectory Optimization Model for Intersection under the Connected and Automated Vehicles Environment
    GAO Zhi-bo,WU Zhi-zhou,HAO Wei, YANG Yue, LONG Ke-jun,ZOU Qing-quan
    2021, 21(2): 91-97. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1465KB) ( )  

    Under the connected and automated driving environment, vehicles can cross the intersection with good coordination and minimal controls from traditional traffic signals. To ensure the safe and efficient vehicle operations at intersections, this study proposes a trajectory optimization model to optimize vehicle arrival time and speed. The vehicle arrival time sequence optimization model and the vehicle speed optimization model are developed to establish the functional relation between vehicle arrival time and speed. Then, the weighted sum of all vehicle travel time and fuel consumptions are set as the objective of the proposed model. The decision variables include vehicle route, arrival time, and speed. An iterative algorithm is designed to optimize both the vehicle arrival time and speed, and maximize the operation benefit at the intersection. Compared with the results from the two-level trajectory optimization model, the proposed model reduced the average delay by 32.0% and reduced the fuel consumption by 9.9% . The proposed model has good flexibility and mobility, which can reduce both vehicle delays and fuel consumptions.

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    Line Loading Evaluation Method for Urban Rail Transit Considering Train Loading Evenness
    WANG Min, MAO Bao-hua,YANG Yan-qiang, SHI Rui-jia, WANG Yu-qiong
    2021, 21(2): 98-104. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2268KB) ( )  

    The evaluation of line loading is an important part of rail transit scheduling and management. This paper points out the issue that using the single average parameter cannot fully reflect the load distribution deviation on the transit lines. Therefore, focusing on matching passenger flow and transport capacity of urban rail transit lines, this paper proposes a line loading evaluation model with two indexes of mean value and coefficient of variation and takes train loading factor as evaluation unit. The mean value is equal to the weighted sum of each evaluation unit which represents the contribution of each evaluation unit to the line loading level. The coefficient of variation reflects the evenness of line loading. The model analysis shows that increasing the transport capacity of the sections or direction with large passenger flow properly can improve the evenness of line loading. The case study shows that when directional uneven coefficient of passenger flow exceeds 1.4, the capacity optimization measures should be considered to improve the capacity utilization; The mode of full-length and short-turn routing and bidirectional uneven operating can improve the evenness of line loading to some extent.

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    Coordinated Optimization Model of Rail Transit Delayed Train Stop-skip Pattern and Passenger Flow Control
    YANG Tao-yuan, ZHAO Peng, YAO Xiang-ming, ZHANG Pu
    2021, 21(2): 105-111. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1711KB) ( )  

    To respond to the train delay in the urban rail transit, a train rescheduling and passenger flow coordinated control method is proposed with collaborative consideration of the restoration of train traffic order and passenger travel experience. Firstly, this paper analyzes the measures and effects of train rescheduling and passenger flow control, and a linear bi-level programming model is constructed by stop- skip rescheduling and multi- station passenger flow coordinated control. The upper- level model aims at minimizing the total train delay, and takes train capacity as the constraint; the lower-level model aims at maximizing the number of riding passengers, and takes train capacity and passenger flow control rate equalization as the constraint. A sensitivity analysis based algorithm is used to solve the bilevel model, and the effectiveness of the model and algorithm is verified by taking a delay event of the Beijing Subway Yizhuang Line as a case study. The case results show that by adopting the stop- skip rescheduling and multi- station passenger flow coordinated control method, the travel time of rescheduled trains can be shortened by 5.2% and the variance of entrance rate of each station can be reduced by 97.8%. The method proposed in this paper increases the efficiency of train traffic and passenger travel under the condition of ensuring the fairness of passengers.

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    Optimization of Train Operation Strategy on An Urban Rail Section Based on Multiple Speed Parameters Control
    DENG Lian-bo,ZHONG Min, CAI Li
    2021, 21(2): 111-118. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1849KB) ( )  

    For the urban rail transit, an optimization method is proposed for optimizing the train operation strategy on a rail section to minimize the operation energy consumption. With the requirement of the running time, we determine the train operation strategy by taking the maximum operation speed and the minimum coasting speed as the parameters (decision variables) of the speed profile. Given the running time of the rail section, an optimization model is built to solve the multiple speed parameters based on the uniform mass model of train and considers the constraints of the speed limit and running time with the influence of train performance and the line's horizontal and vertical sections. A simulated annealing algorithm is designed to solve the model and determine the value of each speed parameter with the corresponding operation control scheme. A numerical example of the section between Sun Yat- sen University station and Xiaogang station of Guangzhou metro line 8 is adopted to test the method with different running times. We found that (1) the maximum operation speed can effectively control the running time; (2) the reasonable value of the minimum coasting speed can significantly reduce energy consumption by 4.68% at most; (3) the selection of train operation mode requires comprehensive consideration of running time, energy-saving effect and coasting times, and the energy-saving operation mode has a significant effect on saving energy with a longer running time. It can be shown that this method can provide decision-making support for the train energy-saving operation organization of urban rail transit.

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    Optimization of Station Location and Horizontal Alignment of Underground Urban Rail Transit
    WANG Qian, BAI Yun, LI Jia-jie, ZHU Qiao-zhen, FENG Xu-jie
    2021, 21(2): 119-125. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1786KB) ( )   PDF(English version) (686KB) ( 95 )  

    This paper investigates the horizontal alignment and station location of the underground urban rail transit considering the fixed starting and ending points and the study area population distributions. A mathematical model was established to optimize the number and location of stations and the horizontal alignment of the rail transit. The model considers the constraints of geographical requirements, station spacing, transfer reservations, and horizontal track alignment design. The objectives are maximizing the attracted passenger flow while minimizing the overall costs which include construction investment, operating expenditure and environmental impact. A hybrid heuristic algorithm based on non- dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA- II) and A* algorithm was designed to solve the model. A case study on Chinese Metro shows that the pareto frontier of the model can be solved by the proposed algorithm, which provides the solution with the minimal overall costs under the different attracted passenger number. In addition, compared with the practical alignment, the horizontal alignment optimized by the proposed model decreases the overall costs of line by about 4.4% without a reduction of attracted passenger flow.

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    Crew Schedule Optimization for Urban Rail Transit with Crew Resources Sharing
    JIN Hua, CHEN Shao-kuan, WANG Zhi-mei, ZHANG Xi-ran, XU Feng-zhi
    2021, 21(2): 126-132. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1728KB) ( )  

    This study aims to address a crew scheduling problem with shared crew members and bases among different lines without considering cross- line trains. Through the analysis on crew resources sharing, a new set covering model for the crew scheduling problem is proposed. Three crucial elements are covered in this model, including the across- line duties, proportion of shifts with different starting and ending locations, and robustness optimization. However, the scale of problem increases dramatically due to the collaborative optimization of shifts among different lines. A network model is developed where consecutive tasks executed by the same train are served as the minimum duty unit. Several improvements are made to satisfy the feasibility constraints of shifts including employing multilayer structure, multilevel source and sink nodes as well as cross-line meal and rest arcs. Furthermore, networks are generated into some sets corresponding to different starting and ending locations. A column generation algorithm is then designed in which the pricing problem is converted into the shortest path problems base on each network set. The experimental results indicate that the crew resources sharing can provide more choice for drivers to select a preferred location when they start and end their daily work. It also significantly reduces the commuting time. Besides, crew resources sharing is able to decrease the shift number by a little and improve the efficiency of crew scheduling.

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    Customized Electric Bus Routing Optimization Considering Multi-path Selection
    GUO Rong-ge, GUAN Wei,ZHANG Wen-yi, DUAN Meng-yuan
    2021, 21(2): 133-138. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1666KB) ( )  

    To improve the operational efficiency of customized electric bus system, this paper investigated the customized electric bus routing problem considering multi- path selection. A mixed integer programming model was developed to describe the problem and to optimize both the bus routes and traveling paths. The model aimed at maximizing the total profit with the consideration of the constrains of customized electric buses characteristics which include vehicle capacity, passenger travel time window, battery charge, visiting stations, etc. To solve the algorithm, a new adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm was proposed with initial solution generation rules and neighborhood search operators. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm was verified by numerical examples. The empirical analysis was conducted based on the actual road network and passenger travel spatial- temporal demand, which verified the effectiveness of multi-path selection on bus route optimization. The results show that the proposed method can generate diverse route operation schemes for operators, which provides useful references for customized electric bus route design.

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    Optimization of Bus Regional Timetable Considering Operating Efficiency
    HU Jin-cheng
    2021, 21(2): 139-144. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1356KB) ( )  

    In order to accurately measure the social benefits of the interaction between passenger trips and enterprise operation in the optimization of bus regional timetable, a bi- level programming model for bus timetabling was developed that considers stochastic passenger emand and operating efficiency. The interaction between stochastic passenger flow demand and timetable were first analyzed, from the view of the passenger demand and service quality of bus timetables. The passenger demand was refined hierarchically, and was taken as the input of the lower- level traffic network flow model with elastic demand. With the relationships between passenger demand, travel efficiency and enterprise operation cost, the operating efficiency of bus regional timetable was taken as the objective of the upperlevel model. Finally, the Dial- MSA and genetic algorithm were used to solve this proposed bi- level programming model. The numerical results show that the operating efficiency of the optimized timetable is improved by 7.3%. The optimized bus regional timetable can better match the passenger demand, effectively improve the operating efficiency, and achieve superior dynamic adaptability.

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    Hierarchical Multi-objective Model for Arterial Dedicated Bus Speed Optimization
    SHANG Chun-lin, LIU Xiao-ming,TIAN Yu-lin, DONG Lu-xi, TANG Shao-hu
    2021, 21(2): 145-150. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1781KB) ( )  

    In order to solve the problems of strong multi-factor linkage constraints and poor overall effect in arterial bus speed guidance, this paper proposes a hierarchical multi-objective speed guidance optimization model. A multiobjective optimization framework is designed to maximize the punctuality rate as the first-priority objective while the number of stops at intersections and the consistency of speed taking as the secondary objectives. With the associated constraints and priority among the multiple objectives, a hierarchical multi- objective decision- making approach is constructed by a combination of the Lagrangian multiplier method and genetic algorithm. Finally, an experiment based on actual scenarios is adopted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model. The experiment results show that the model can guarantee the improvement of multiple performance indexes. It increases the overall punctuality rate from 69.67% to 90.53% and decreases the number of stops at intersections from 2.37 to 1.23 for each bus. Compared with the non-hierarchical multi-objective optimization method, the overall punctuality rate is improved by 8.65% in this hierarchical optimization method. The hierarchical optimization method provides the priority of the overall punctuality rate, and effectively improve the traffic efficiency and service reliability of dedicated buses.

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    Optimizing Mixed Transit Fleet Replacement with Multi-type Battery Electric Buses
    TANG Chun-yan,LI Xiao-yu
    2021, 21(2): 151-157. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1468KB) ( )  

    Due to the different operational performances of buses powered by different types of energy, this study investigates a mixed transit fleet replacement problem using multi- type battery electric buses to obtain an optimal replacement plan under a specific fleet electrification target. The aim of this study is to minimize fleet operation costs and management costs. Besides, we consider associated diesel- electric replacement rates in the proposed model. A numerical experiment is performed using the Qingdao public transport system within a 10- year planning period. The results show that the vehicle type significantly impacts the fleet replacement plan and the total operation and management costs. Compared to the use of single electric bus type, multi- type fleet greatly reduces the total costs. Interestingly, a combination of diesel buses and electric buses is superior to hybrid buses powered by diesel and electricity. Given any fleet electrification targets, the number of small electric buses purchased is more than the number of large electric buses. Large electric buses are not purchased when the transit fleet electrification target is less than a threshold. The research results can provide a guidance for transit agencies to plan their fleet replacement in an economic and efficient manner

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    A Method for Extracting Commuting Trips of Frequent Passengers in Urban Public Transportation
    PENG Fei,SONG Guo-hua,ZHU Shan
    2021, 21(2): 158-165. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2356KB) ( )  

    In order to explore the precise characteristics of commuting trips in public transportation, this paper investigates an extraction method for commuting trips of frequent passengers using multi- source data of bus and rail transit from the perspective of tracking trip chains. The proposed algorithm is based on the selection of potential homework locations and the setting of a high-frequency home-work locations set. The extraction algorithm combines the spatial matching of the origin and destination of the trip chain with the home and work locations. And the commuters' trips are divided into home- work commuting trips, work- home commuting trips, and noncommuting trips. The results show that the home-work locations identification rate of frequent passengers reaches 85.9% , and there are significant differences in the spatial and temporal distribution of trip and trip mode between commuting and non- commuting trips, which can be used as a basis for Beijing's development for frequent passengers. It provides a basis for "reserved trips" and analyzing changes in the dynamic characteristics of their trip demand.

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    Risk Assessment Model Based on Risk Matrix for Traffic Conflict on Arterial Highway Bend Section
    FANG Rui, ZHANG Qi,HU Cheng-yu,TIAN Bi-jiang,QIN Wen-wen
    2021, 21(2): 166-172. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1424KB) ( )  

    In order to evaluate the traffic conflict risk on arterial highway bend section (AHBS), an index framework for assessing possibility and severity of traffic conflict was established based on five-minute aggregation traffic flow data before a traffic conflict, road alignment characteristics in conflict sections, and driving environment data. An integration of random forest model and multi- level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation were used to determine the probability and severity level of traffic conflict. The risk matrix method was used to determine the comprehensive risk level of traffic conflict. Finally, a verification analysis was conducted with an example of the Yuan Shuang arterial highway. The results show that, the probability accuracy of traffic conflict based on random forest model can reach to 84.21% . The proposed model can effectively evaluate the traffic conflict risk in AHBS, and a theoretical basis is provided to reduce traffic accidents on arterial highway.

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    Battery Swapping Demands Forecast for Electric Bicycles Based on Data-driven
    SHUAI Chun-yan, YANG Fang, OUYANG Xin,XU Geng
    2021, 21(2): 173-179. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2882KB) ( )  

    Battery swapping cabinets have been successively distributed in cities to meet the increasing swapping demand for electric bicycles, which inevitably involves the station location of battery swapping cabinets, the sizing of battery supply, and the prediction of battery swapping demands. In order to improve the utilization rate and reduce the cost of battery swapping, a clustering and forecasting method of battery swapping demand by region is proposed. Firstly, K-means clustering was carried out on the location of the battery swapping cabinets, and the size of cabinet supply was optimized to improve the utilization rate; Then, the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average model (ARIMA) is used to predict the short-time battery swapping demand. The results indicate that the ARIMA model has a high prediction accuracy in the demand prediction. Compared with other prediction models, better results can be achieved, which indicates that battery swapping demands tend to be linear with time. The optimization method on battery swapping cabinets and the short-term demand prediction results proposed in this paper provide data support for the location of battery swapping stations and the sizing of battery supply

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    Railway Freight Transportation Service Network Design Problem with Empty Car Distribution
    LIU Xiao-wei,YAN Qi-peng,NI Shao-quan, LV Miao-miao,LV Hong-xia
    2021, 21(2): 180-188. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2106KB) ( )  

    This paper addresses a dynamic service network design problem for freight transportation on Chinese railway networks with single- block train services. To improve the efficient utilization of rolling- stock, a multicommodity flow model with path- based variables is proposed to integrate car-to- block assignment, train scheduling, freight routing and empty car redistribution, considering the unitary rule and in tree rule of loaded car, the limits of empty car flow. A space-time network is constructed with the basic train diagram and wagon- flow routing. A hybrid differential evolution algorithm is used to solve the model. An initial feasible solution is constructed by k - shortest path, greedy and annealing strategies. A practical case is presented to prove the validity of the model and algorithm.

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    Locomotive Label System Construction Method Based on Equipment Portrait
    LI Xi,SHI Tian-yun, CHANG Bao, MA Xiao-ning, LIU Jun
    2021, 21(2): 189-195. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1720KB) ( )  

    Locomotives are important traction equipment for railway transportation. Integrating and utilizing the locomotives data can create a locomotive label system based on equipment portrait, which is helpful for grasping the quality status of locomotives and realizing accurate portrait, differentiated operation and efficient management of locomotives. This paper presents the concept of locomotive equipment portrait and the related theoretical knowledge of label technology. The technical framework of the three levels label system for locomotive equipment portrait is proposed to meet the requirements of multiple application scenarios including locomotive quality analysis, maintenance optimization and safety decision- making. The technical framework is analyzed in data acquisition layer, label library layer and label application layer. The three levels label system of locomotive and the generation, management, optimization, and analysis process of labels are explained in detail. The research method of locomotive equipment portrait is thus formed. In the clustering acquisition mode of labels, the selection method of initial centroid of Kmeans clustering algorithm is improved to enhances the accuracy and stability of clustering. The proposed method has been applied in a railway bureau to generate a complete and feasible label system for locomotive equipment portraits.

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    Electric Logistics Vehicle Routing Optimization Based on Space-time-state Network
    YANG Sen-yan,NING Lian-ju,SHANG Pan
    2021, 21(2): 196-204. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1715KB) ( )  

    In view of the problems existed in logistic vehicle operations like limited battery capacity and insufficient number of recharging stations, this paper proposes an integer linear programming model for vehicle route optimization based on the discrete time- space- state network. The modeling process considers the constraints of battery capacity, vehicle capacity, recharging station capacity, customer service time window, the spatial structure of road network, and so on. The state dimension is expanded to reflect the spatiotemporal trajectory of both the remaining loads and the remaining electricity of vehicles. The augmented Lagrangian model is established through the Lagrangian relaxation of customer service demand and recharging station capacity constraints, and the quadratic penalty items are added. The quadratic objective function is linearized, and the original problem is transformed as a series of shortest path subproblems, which can be circularly solved by the forward dynamic programming algorithm embedded in the block coordinate descent framework. Adding the penalty terms can break the symmetry problem of solutions and accelerate the convergence rate. The gap between the optimal upper and lower bounds is calculated to evaluate the quality of the feasible solutions. Test examples are constructed based on the Sioux Falls network. The experimental results show that the proposed method can synchronously optimize electric vehicle routing and recharging decisions in time, space and state dimensions, which can effectively avoid vehicles recharge detouring, reduce the recharging time in delivery, reduce the operational costs, and realize the optimal spatial-temporal allocation of urban electric logistics resources.

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    Dynamic Shared Taxi Optimization Method Considering Passengers Perceptions
    XUE Shou-qiang, SONG Rui*,AN Jiu-yu, WANG You-miao
    2021, 21(2): 205-210. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1463KB) ( )  

    This paper proposes an improved algorithm framework to study the dynamic ride- sharing service optimization problem considering passengers' perceptions of service quality. The problem is modeled as a linear assignment problem between vehicles and passengers based on the concept of feasible trip pairs, which is formulated as a multi-objective linear programming model, with the objectives of maximizing passengers' satisfaction and minimizing their total travel time. An elitism- based multi- objective artificial bee colony (EMOABC) algorithm is developed to solve the model. A case study on the taxi order service in Haikou, China is conducted. The computation results indicate that the proposed framework could provide a high-quality scheme in real time. Compared with only optimizing trip efficiency, the ride-sharing strategy with perceiving passenger psychology can improve passenger satisfaction by 12%. The service rate, as well as other indicators, is also at a high level.

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    A Model and Algorithm for Inventory Routing and Pricing Problem with Discretely Distributed Random Disturbance Items
    YANG Hua-long,XIN Yu-chen, GAO Hao-ran
    2021, 21(2): 211-216. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1737KB) ( )  

    This paper studied the inventory routing and pricing problem (IRPP) with discretely distributed random disturbance items in the demand price function. Based on the discrete distribution rate of the random disturbance item and requirements on retailers' inventory service level, an IRPP optimization model was established to maximize the expected revenues of the supplier. The tabu search algorithm was embedded into the improved particle swarm algorithm to solve the model. Three numerical examples with different sizes show that the supplier's expected revenue can be increased by 3.1%, 3.5%, and 3.8% respectively when considering the random disturbance item, under the same retailors' inventory service level. The research indicates that the more severe the random disturbance of the product demand price function, the less the supplier's expected return, and the higher the price elasticity of the customer's product, the greater the expected return of the supplier. This finding can provide a useful reference for the supplier's IRPP decision-making.

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    Estimation Method of Port Handling Efficiency Value Based on Ship Big Data
    LIAO Shi-guan,YANG Dong, BAI Xi-wen,WENG Jin-xian
    2021, 21(2): 217-223. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2418KB) ( )  

    The handling efficiency of container port is one of the key indicators that reflects the port's competitiveness and attracts shipping companies to call. To accurately estimate the port's handling efficiency value, this paper proposes a method with Greatmaps (GMap) visualization technology to calculate the port's handling efficiency value based on the data of the Automatic Identification System (AIS). Empirically, this method was applied to estimate the monthly handling efficiency values of Shanghai Port, Singapore Port, Shenzhen Port and Ningbo-Zhoushan Port, the average monthly handling efficiency values of the four ports in the first half of 2017 were respectively 2.85, 1.87, 2.17 and 2.10. Based on the obtained values in the first half of the year, the study managed to estimate the monthly throughput for the above four ports in the second half of the year, with the average estimation error being respectively 2.77% , 2.06%, 2.93% and 2.46%. The results show that the method can generate the ports' handling efficiency value with good accuracy and can be used to infer and monitor the port's throughput in real time. Further, results calculated by the method could provide a theoretical reference for the port to improve the performance and help the shipping company to choose the port strategy, and ultimately improve the port's digital management level.

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    Risk Propagation Mechanism and Application of Urban Traffic Congestion Factors Based on Complex Networks
    HU Li-wei,FAN Zi-jian, ZHANG Su-hang, GUO Zhi, YIN Xiu-fen
    2021, 21(2): 224-230. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1614KB) ( )  

    In order to understand the characteristics of risk propagation of urban traffic congestion factors and improve the ability of congestion risk control, this paper studies the risk propagation mechanism. Based on the actual survey data of road network congestion in Kunming, the Pearson correlation coefficient is used to analyze the correlation between risk impact factors. A complex network of traffic congestion factors is constructed, and various indicators of the complex network are calculated by the software gephi0.9.2 to verify the feasibility and applicability of the network. The importance of nodes k was introduced to calculate the relevant indexes of nodes, and then the nodes were divided into core nodes, general nodes, and edge nodes. Meanwhile, the direct immunity rate ρ was introduced to jointly construct the risk propagation model. The immune probability ρ of the selected core nodes was 0.028, 0.056, and 0.112, respectively. After calculation and analysis, it was found that the immune probability ρ value was inversely proportional to the peak proportion of infected nodes. The results show that the propagation scale and propagation rate of traffic congestion factor risk will be better controlled by identifying the nodes with greater importance in the network and carrying out immune control, which has better guiding significance for the management of traffic congestion in the urban road network in real life.

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    Rationalized Lanes Configuration for Expressway Toll Plaza
    QIAN Chao,LI Si-yan,WANG Yan-feng
    2021, 21(2): 231-237. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2069KB) ( )  

    This research aimed to evaluate the traffic efficiency of expressway toll plaza and propose the rationalized lanes configuration scheme due to the increase of the ETC utilization rate. Based on the static layout and toll data of Fumin, a ramp toll station in Shenzhen Jihe expressway, the traffic behavior model in toll plaza, including carfollowing and lane- changing model, was established. The micro- simulation platform of traffic operation of the toll plaza was developed. According to the traffic status variation during non-peak and peak hour, 80 groups of simulation schemes were designed, taking ETC utilization rates and the number of lanes into consideration. The traffic efficiency under different schemes was comprehensively evaluated. The comparison with the actual results demonstrates that the simulation platform errors of traffic volume for usual and rush hour were only 3.46% and 6.45%, providing an accurate and reliable experimental platform for the simulation analysis of toll plaza lane configuration. In the future, when the ETC utilization rate is increased up to 90%, the optimal lane configuration scheme for Fumin is 4 ETC lanes plus 5 ETC/MTC mixed lanes. During rush hour, the average delay per vehicle could be conduced to 2.93 s · veh- 1 , a 95 percent reduction from the current 60.23 s· veh-1 . The toll plaza's rationalized lanes configuration should be conducted by combining traffic volume, traffic composition, ETC utilization rate. It provides crucial technical support for the scientific design and operation of the toll plaza.

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    Spatiotemporal Characteristics Mining and Demand Forecasting of Shared Bicycle Borrow and Return
    CHEN Hong, CHEN Heng-rui, SHI Zhuan-zhuan, ZHANG Min, LIU Zhi-zhen
    2021, 21(2): 238-244. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (2853KB) ( )  

    This study collected the shared bicycle usage data, POI (Point of Interest) data, the weather, and air quality data in Ningbo, China. With data mining techniques, this study analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of shared bicycle usage and predicted the demand for borrowing and returning the shared bicycles. The K-Means algorithm was used to cluster the study sites into five categories to explore the time-varying demand rules and influencing factors. To analyze the space characteristics, this study proposed a method to identify the land use type of study sites based on POI data, which divides the sites into residential, transportation facilities, office, and business leisure. The study developed a random forest prediction model using the time intervals of 15, 30, and 60 minutes and the demand of borrowing and returning bicycles as the target variable. The method was also compared with the commonly used BP (Back Propagation) neural network and K-nearest neighbor method. The results show that the random forest model has higher accuracy and better applicability. An interval of 30 minutes produced the best accuracy in forecasting the station borrowing and returning bicycle demand. The prediction accuracy of the model was improved because of the consideration of the station's land- use type. The result from this study can be used as the basis for scheduling and balancing of future stations and can also be applied to the shared bicycle system as a theoretical support for the service quality improvement.

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    Identification of Key Building Environment Factors Affecting Walking Efficiency of the Elderly
    LI Kang-kang, YANG Dong-feng
    2021, 21(2): 245-250. 
    Abstract ( )   PDF (1473KB) ( )   PDF(English version) (531KB) ( 60 )  

    It appears that the current research on the relationship between built environment and walking activities of the elderly hasn't considered the relationship between individual subjective perception and the spatial hierarchy. This paper develops a multi-level linear model of subjective perception, built environment and walking distance efficiency of the elderly to reveal the nature and degree of interaction among variables at all levels. The results show that: safety and mobility are two subjective factors affecting the walking efficiency of the elderly. The impact of built environment factors on elderly walking distance efficiency shows either consistency or difference. The intersection density, NDVI vegetation coefficient and public service facilities density are the consistency factors, while the plot ratio and road network density have different impacts on the travel distance of 300 meters or longer. The mediating effect test shows that the floor area ratio is the key factor relevant to the traffic safety within 300-meter walking space; the community open form affects the elderly's long-distance travel through the security of surrounding areas; NDVI vegetation coefficient is also an important factor related to the elderly's walking environment security.

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