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Influence of New Technologies on Development of Transportation in the 14th Five Years and 2035 PENG Hong-qin , ZHANG Guo-wu 2021, 21(4): 1-5.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.001 Abstract ( )   PDF (1255KB) ( )   Technological revolutions have a significant influence on the development of the transportation industry. The applications of new technologies, such as 5G wireless technology, artificial intelligence, the internet of things, robotics, and 3D printing, greatly transform the industrial process and industrial chains, and also the development trends of transportation demand. The development of solar photovoltaic power generation and energy storage technology can provide solutions of self- consistency in the transportation energy system. The trip reservation system based on data collection, data mining, and supercomputing will support the green and low- carbon travels and relieve the traffic congestions. This forum focus on the influence of new technologies on the development of transportation in the 14th Five Years (2021—2025) and the year of 2035. The fourth industrial revolution and its influence on the development of the transportation industry are discussed. The potentials and application scenes of the integration of Transportation and energy are investigated. The practical applications of the trip reservation system, with its effectiveness, difficulty in the implementation, and future development are introduced as well Related Articles | Metrics

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A Review of Environmentally Sustainable Container Liner Shipping Management GE Ying-en, WEN Xin 2021, 21(4): 6-22.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.002 Abstract ( )   PDF (1532KB) ( )   The containier shipping management proposes a new challenge to shipping companies, port operators and governmental agencies on how to maintain high quality services and benefits while keep the development to be environmentally sustainable. This paper reviews the methods, technologies and regulations relevant to environmental sustainability of container liner shipping from the strategic, tactical and operational perspectives and identifies the future trends of this research topic. The strategic level review discusses the mechanisms and policies of emissions mitigation, green policies, technologies, measures, and corporate collaboration and competition regarding environmental sustainability of container liner shipping. At the tactical level, optimizing liner shipping, pre-scheduling green liner shipping and establishing emissions control areas are analyzed to minimize fuel consumption and emissions. The operational level review investigates the operations of container loading/unloading and the green-responsive liner shipping. The review indicates that the focus areas of the existing research are closely related to the industrial and governmental policies on environment. The research on tactical decision- making is more than the research on the strategic and operational issues. Most of the literatures take the shipping company as the major decision maker. Therecommendations of this paper include: (1) continue incorporating multiple objectives in liner shipping optimization and consider the economic, environmental and social factors to achieve a sustainable development of liner shipping; (2) establish scientific problems from the practice of liner shipping; the international shipping and particularly liner shipping is significantly affected by the policies of government and International Maritime Organization (IMO) and the global economic atmosphere; (3) Consider the global supply chains in the study of the environmentally sustainable container liner shipping problem; (4) explore the technological and operational methods to encourage the sustainable development of linear shipping; (5) Borrow the ideas or concepts of green development in other transport modes to promote the environmentally sustainable development of liner shipping. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Revenue Distribution Models of Air-rail Intermodal Transport Based on Game Theory MA Ji-hui, WANG Ying-zhi, JIANG Xiu-shan , WEI Liang 2021, 21(4): 23-29.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.003 Abstract ( )   PDF (1751KB) ( )   The ideal revenue distribution is important to promote the deep cooperation between air transport and highspeed rail transport. Given the actual situation of air- rail intermodal transport, this paper considered passengers' sensitivity to the service level, the price, and other critical factors. The paper examined whether the revenue- sharing contract can set incentives, coordinate the conflict of interest between air transport and high-speed rail transport, derive an ideal revenue distribution method, and promote the development of air-rail intermodal transport. Based on different cooperation levels, the Nash bargaining utility function was used to simulate the bargaining process, the revenuesharing game models dominated by aviation and the bargaining behavior were also established. The game models were solved by the inverse induction method. The study selected Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Guangzhou air-rail intermodal product for the numerical experiment and compared the equilibrium solutions of decentralized decision and centralized control game models to verify the effectiveness of the revenue-sharing contract. The results indicate that the model effectively improved the service level and overall profitability of the intermodal product under the revenue- sharing contract. The revenue-sharing proportion by high-speed rail is positively correlated with passengers' sensitivity to the service level. Bargaining behavior can make the service level and overall profit of the intermodal product higher and more stable, which can be applied to achieve the ideal state of the intermodal product. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Regional Division and Hierarchical Structure of Metropolitan Area Based on Carpooling Data and Clustering Method YAN Xue-dong , GUO Hao-nan , LI Yong-chang , WANG Yun , GUAN Yun-lin 2021, 21(4): 30-39.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.004 Abstract ( )   PDF (2574KB) ( )   Metropolitan area has gradually become one of the main forms of our country's new-type urbanization, and it plays a particularly important role in promoting the development of regional economic integration. Based on the carpooling data, this paper uses the cluster analysis method for the regional definition and hierarchical structure division of Beijing metropolitan area. First, we divided the research area into grids as the basic processing unit, and matched the carpooling data and the Point of Interest (POI) data to the grids. Then we combined the sum of the squarederrors and silhouette coefficient to determine the optimal number of clusters, and used the grid- based K- means ++ clustering algorithm to identify the main functional areas of the Beijing metropolitan area. By analyzing the commuting characteristics in different functional areas, the evaluating indicators such as commuting intensity, commuting time, regional independence, and regional accessibility are proposed, which can be used to study the hierarchical structure of Beijing metropolitan area by using the hierarchical clustering method. The results show that the method in this paper can overcome the influence of the random selection of the number of clusters in the traditional clustering algorithm, and can effectively divide and obtain 19 types of main functional areas of the Beijing metropolitan area, which had better clustering effect. The clustering results of functional areas are different from the existing divisions of administrative areas in Beijing. Therefore, the administrative area barriers should be broken in the construction of the metropolitan area, and the overall planning should be implemented. According to the commuting characteristics and geographical characteristics of different functional areas, the Beijing metropolitan area can be further divided into three distinct circles, including the core layer, the suburban layer, and the outer suburban layer. Development strategies should be formulated according to regional characteristics, the commuting status of different circles can be improved through the development of suburban railways or rail transit, and the overall commuting accessibility of the Beijing metropolitan area should be improved. The results can help to formulate planning and management policies, which can improve the function and structure, and promote the benign development of the metropolitan area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on Pricing and Issuing Method of Asset Securitization of Toll Road LU Hao, LU Xin, JIAO Liu-dan 2021, 21(4): 40-46.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.005 Abstract ( )   PDF (2113KB) ( )   This paper discussed the data-driven pricing method of toll road asset-backed securities. Firstly, the ARIMAR-GARCH model reflecting the risk characteristics of traffic volume was constructed, then the issuance scale and coupon interest rate of different grades were calculated based on the waterfall repayment structure and the NelsonSiegel model. Finally, the simulation analysis was carried out by combining the real data of Chengyu and Yurong Expressways. The results show that the revenue in the mature period had a sharp peak and thick tail, and the revenue in the growth period had a significant fluctuation and aggregation effect. The data-driven pricing model can describe the risk characteristics of revenue and reasonably estimate the proportion of securities, which was better than the cash flow discount method which only considers interest rate risk. From the perspective of issuing method, the financing structure of the combined issue was significantly better than that of the separate issue. The advice is to change the franchise financing based on a single expressway project and optimize the financing structure through the merger and issuance of projects with high performance and poor performance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influencing Factors and Spatial Spillover Effect of Infrastructure PPP Financing Model WANG Yong, TAN Ke-hu , ZHANG Juan 2021, 21(4): 47-53.  Abstract ( )   PDF (1339KB) ( )   At the city level, factors that affect the financing amount of infrastructure PPP projects are diverse. Based on the panel data of prefecture level cities from 2015 to 2017, this paper makes an empirical analysis on the influencing factors of Infrastructure PPP financing in China by using the spatial regression model and verifies the spatial spillover effect of the financing amount of PPP projects. The results show that the Spatial Error Model has a better fitting effect on analyzing the influencing factors of the financing amount of PPP projects compared with the mixed OLS regression model. The financing amount of PPP project in China has a significant positive spatial spillover effect at the city level. The amount of PPP project investment in a city will be affected by the amount of PPP project investment in neighboring cities. Factors including local government financial situation, GDP, fixed asset investment and population density have significant correlation with the financing amount of PPP project, and the impact varies in different regions. In terms of local government's financial situation, there is a significant positive correlation between the financing amount of PPP project in the Middle East of China. The larger the fiscal gap of local governments, the more inclined they are to use PPP mode for infrastructure financing. While, there is no significant correlation between these factors and the financing amount of PPP project in the West. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Spatial and Temporal Effects of New Urban Rail Transit Lines on Residential Property Value Uplift ZHANG Shu-jing , XU Qi , JIA Shun-ping , LIAO Jing-yi 2021, 21(4): 54-62.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.007 Abstract ( )   PDF (2520KB) ( )   PDF(English version) (1036KB) ( 220 )   A quantitative analysis of the impact of urban rail transit on land value along the rail transit line is critical to internalize the external benefits and promote the financial sustainability of urban rail transit in China's new urbanization process. Using the open data resources, this study collected 361053 second-hand real estate transaction samples in Beijing from 2011 to 2016 and investigated the spatial and temporal effects of Beijing urban rail transit on the residential property prices along the rail transit lines through the Hedonic Price Model. The analysis results suggest that the proximity to rail transit station has a significant impact on property prices based on both Global model and Local model. Compared with Multi-variable Linear Regression(MLR), Spatial Lag Model(SLM), Spatial Error Model (SEM) and Spatial Durbin Model(SDM) which are based on global constant parameters regression, Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR) based on local variable parameters regression shows a better fitting effect and can preferably eliminate the spatial effect of residuals and depict the spatial heterogeneity of the relationship between urban rail transit and land value. The residential property prices of more than 80% residential units along the line would benefit from the provision of urban rail transit system. The uplift of the property price shows an obvious spatial heterogeneity and less increases of the prices are observed for the properties located further from the rail transitstations. The impact of rail transit on property prices also has a network effect. The new line will not only change the residential property prices in surrounding areas, but also the properties in other locations in the urban rail transit network. The spatial range of the impact of urban rail transit on residential property value is about 1 km from rail transit stations. Within this range, the land value uplift caused by the new rail transit line is relatively consistent from 2011 to 2016, which is about 3% . The land value uplifts in the area directly affected by the new line are 0.02% to 0.22% higher than the wider area. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Suburban-to-suburban Rail Transit on Land Use Change LI Jun-fang , YAO Min-feng , HU Hua 2021, 21(4): 63-71.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.008 Abstract ( )   PDF (3158KB) ( )   PDF(English version) (1142KB) ( 167 )   Bayesian network (BN) is selected to study the land use change (LUC) caused by suburban-to-suburban rail transit. The influence area was set as the reference area, and the difference between LUC and suburban lines was analyzed. The case study of Tokyo Metropolitan shows that the suburban-to-suburban line has a great impact on LUC, especially on the forest, construction and sports land (operation period) and forest, sports, and water (before opening). The differences between the buffer zone and the reference zone are -32.08%, 12.59%, 8.24% and -24.23%, 4.62%, 4.40% respectively. However, the suburban line has no impact. The results show that, different from the multiple driving force to urban LUC, the suburban- to- suburban line as a strong driving force to suburban LUC causes significant changes in LUC. which can provide a basis for promoting suburban land development through the construction of suburban line. Due to the maturity and better inheritance of urban land use (LU), the current LU of suburban line is related to the previous LU at a high degree; As a strong driving force of suburban LUC, LUC is more active during operation of suburban-to- suburban line, so the current LU is less related to the previous LU at a high degree, which can provide a reference for the optimal time of land developing around the suburban-to-suburban line.The result of BN reasoning shows that the final state of the buffer zone during the operation period of suburban-tosuburban lines is construction land, which is less affected by the degree of construction land aggregation than the reference zone, indicating that the evolution of the buffer zone during the operation period of suburban line is relatively independent, which is also caused by the more activity of LUC caused by the suburban-to-suburban line; In order to support the construction land in the final state during the operation period of suburban-to-suburban line, 87.2% of the area should be buffer zones, and 98.5% of the initial neighborhood land should be non-forest land. The above can provide a reference for the layout and site selection of construction land in the process of suburban-to- suburban line land development. Taking the land use in 2006 of Duomo line as the initial state, the land use in 14 years is predicted, and the accuracy of the result is 89.9%, which indicates that BN has strong reasoning ability. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Vehicle Simultaneous Localization and Mapping Algorithm with Lidar-camera Fusion YU Zu-jun, ZHANG Chen-guang , GUO Bao-qing 2021, 21(4): 72-81.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.009 Abstract ( )   PDF (2587KB) ( )   Localization and mapping is the basis of autonomous vehicle driving in unknown environment. Since the lidar technique heavily relies on geometric features of the scene and the visual images are vulnerable to light interference, the SLAM algorithms only rely on laser point cloud or visual images also show limitations on vehicle localization and mapping. In this paper, a vehicle self-positioning algorithm based on laser and vision fusion SLAM is proposed to improve the performance of localization by combining the complementary advantages. To give full play to the advantages of multi-source features, the laser point cloud is used to obtain the depth information of visual features at the front end of the algorithm. The laser-visual features are input into the pose estimation module in a loose-coupled way to improve the robustness of the algorithm. To solve the problem of large-scale optimization of the back-end pose and feature points, this study proposes two critical strategies to reduce the computation amount of the algorithm. The balanced selection strategy is based on key frame and sliding window and the classification optimization strategy is based on feature points and pose. Experimental results show that the average positioning relative error of the proposed algorithm is 0.11 m and 0.002 rad, and the average resource utilization rate is 22.18% (CPU) and 21.5% (memory). Compared with the traditional A-LOAM and ORB-SLAM2 algorithms, the proposed algorithm has a good performance on both accuracy and robustness. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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String Stability of Mixed Platoon Under Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control LI Shu-qing , LI Qi-feng , WANG Hao , QIN Yan-yan 2021, 21(4): 82-89.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.010 Abstract ( )   PDF (1864KB) ( )   This paper considered the degradation mechanism of cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) and adaptive cruise control (ACC) and defined the mixed vehicle platoon with CACC, ACC, and traditional vehicles. The transfer function theory was used to derive string stability criterion of the mixed platoon under different scales. The stability situation of the mixed platoon was calculated for different scenarios. The numerical simulations were then performed to validate the theoretical results. The stability analysis results show that the string stability criterion of mixed platoon can be used to calculate stability regions relevant to platoon scales and vehicular speeds. The mixed platoon would be string stable for all possible speeds when the CACC proportion reaches to 25.00% ~41.17% . Simulation results show that the CACC vehicles can reduce fluctuation margin of speed disturbance when the speed disturbance spreads from the leading vehicle to the upstream CACC vehicles. This can increase the stability of the mixed platoon, which matches with the theory analysis results. The study also revealed the composition of CACC vehicles and traditional vehicles in traffic flow for the relatively stable mixed platoon. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Missing Data Repairs for Road Network Traffic Flow with Self-attention Graph Auto-encoder Networks ZHANG Wei-bin , ZHANG Pu-lin, SU Zi-yi , SUN Feng 2021, 21(4): 90-98.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.011 Abstract ( )   PDF (1995KB) ( )   Focusing on the urban traffic flow imputation problem, this paper proposes a self- attention graph autoencoder (SA- GAE, Self- Attention Graph Auto- Encoder) based on the Graph Convolutional Networks and Multihead-Attention. The model includes the STGCN (Spatial-temporal Graph Convolutional Networks) network which captures the spatial- temporal correlation of traffic flow based on the topological graph structures and graph signals. In this network, the LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) network is used to learn the temporal relationship in the data, the road self-attention and the first- order adjacent road attention coefficient are calculated through the road attention network, and the graph signal is reorganized by the graph convolution network to achieve the goal of precise imputation of missing data. The Multihead-Attention network is used to calculate the attention weight of the data and reorganize the data. The Multihead-Attention network can capture the spatial correlation in the second-order and highorder neighbor road traffic flow data and extract the relationship between the known data after the missing period and the missing data. The time relationship is added to the model in the form of residual chain as a supplement to the function of the STGCN. Experiments show that in multiple missing mode scenarios, the model can learn the topological relationship of road network, capture the temporal regularity in traffic data, understand the temporal and spatial correlations contained, and effectively repair the missing parts of the data. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Shared Parking Supply-demand Matching Model and Algorithm with Autonomous Vehicles HE Sheng-xue , MA Si-han, CHENG Chao-zhong, CUI Yun-ting, YU Qi-fan 2021, 21(4): 99-105.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.012 Abstract ( )   PDF (1508KB) ( )   In order to reduce the unnecessary translocations and the incurred accident risk during the parking of autonomous vehicles, this paper formulated a shared parking supply-demand matching optimization model with satisfying the acceptable parking demand as its constraints and minimizing the cost of translocation of autonomous vehicles as its objective. Based on the structural property of the feasible solution, this paper designed a simulated annealing algorithm to solve the proposed model. Since autonomous vehicles can change the parking spaces freely, the paper divided the parking demand and the shared parking supply into small segments to make the model to reflect the feature of autonomous vehicles. Combining the matching sets with the time segments can form a matching map corresponding to a specified feasible solution of the matching model. By making use of the structural feature of matching maps, this paper defined the neighborhood of a matching map associated with a given time segment and then finished the design of the critical operations of the simulated annealing algorithm. The results show that: (a) the new method can realize the shared parking supply-demand matching with autonomous vehicles; (b) the number of translocations of autonomous vehicles can decreases to less than 5% of the initial value after optimizing; and (c) in general, the optimal matching map is not unique, which provides other parking requirements with operation possibility. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Design and Simulation of Energy Saving Driving Strategy for Pure Electric Bus Entering and Leaving Stops ZHANG Ya-li , YUAN Wei , FU Rui, WANG Hong-xia, GE Zhen-zhen 2021, 21(4): 106-117.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.013 Abstract ( )   PDF (2627KB) ( )   Focusing on the obvious speed fluctuation and high energy consumption in the process of bus entering and leaving stops, this study collected the real driving data of pure electric buses and analyzed the driving behavior characteristics with three indicators: the relationship between speed and distance, the distribution interval of acceleration, and the time of entering and leaving stops. The energy consumption performance was analyzed by counting energy consumption per 100 km and the change trend of instantaneous energy consumption and acceleration. On this basis, the process of bus entering and leaving stops is divided into fixed speed section, adjustment section, and recovery section, and the scenes of entering and leaving stops were divided into three categories according to the influence of the bus had parked in the stop. The process of entering and leaving stops can be simplified as a "deceleration and acceleration" process. The acceleration strategy with acceleration characteristic parameters and constant deceleration strategy was proposed. Based on these strategies, energy-saving driving strategies were proposed for the three entering and leaving stops scenarios. Finally, the effectiveness of the energy-saving driving strategy was verified based on the simulation of AVL Cruise. The results show that the proposed driving strategy can save 12.17%~ 44.43% of electric energy in the process of entering and leaving stops compared with the original driving situation, which has considerable energy-saving potential. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Control of Connected and Automated Vehicles Driving on Dedicated Bus Lane Under Mixed Traffic PANG Ming-bao, CHAI Zi-xin, GONG Dan-yang 2021, 21(4): 118-124.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.014 Abstract ( )   PDF (2232KB) ( )   The control of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) driving on the dedicated bus lane is studied under mixed traffic flow with human-driven vehicles (HVs). Focusing on a dedicated bus lane between two signalized intersections, a control strategy for CAVs driving on the dedicated bus lane is proposed under the bus priority and the safety constraints of lane changing. The rules for CAV entering and leaving dedicated bus lanes are designed by the controlling prediction module. The revenue calculated by the improved model of Minimizing Overall Braking Induced by Lane Changes (MOBIL) is used as the incentive criterion when CAV enters and leaves bus lanes. The comity coefficient of the target vehicle is set to be one if the expected following vehicle is an HV. It is only necessary to meet the safety rules when a CAV must leave the bus lane to meet the bus priority. The effectiveness is validated through simulation experiments. The results indicate that the utilization efficiency of bus lanes is improved under high traffic demand. The per capita delay is reduced by 60% and 40%, respectively, and the average vehicle delay is reduced by 65% and 32%, respectively, compared with the existing control method that does not allow CAVs to enter bus lanes and the control method based on clearance distance. When the penetration rate of CAVs reaches 30% ~40% under high traffic demand, the control effect is remarkable. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Travel Time Estimation Based on Built Environment and Low Frequency Floating Car Data ZHONG Shao-peng , HE Jing , ZHU Kang-li , ZOU Yan-quan , JUN Hai-min 2021, 21(4): 125-131.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.015 Abstract ( )   PDF (1469KB) ( )   This paper takes the relevant attributes of the built environment around the urban road as the explanatory variable of the road travel time, studying the impact on the travel time combined with low-frequency floating car data without complex GPS information, such as speed. At the same time, a new estimation method of link travel time distribution is proposed, which uses the distribution of the number of vehicles in the link as the proportional coefficient of link travel time distribution instead of its length, obtaining the distribution of link travel time. To verify the correctness of the proposed method, this paper takes Jinshan street in Zhenxing District, Dandong City, Liaoning Province as the example to obtain the impact parameters of the various built environment on travel time with the maximum likelihood estimation method. The results show that the built environment around the road will lead to a significant increase in the travel time of the road section in different periods. The impact time of schools is mainly from 6:00 to 7:20, while hospitals and clinics are mainly from 7:00 to 8:00, and the travel time increment caused by intersections is relatively average in the whole research scope. Finally, through the likelihood ratio test, the reliability of taking built environment variables as the influencing factors of travel time is verified. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Travel Time Characteristics Analysis of Arterial Roads with Multiple Signalized Intersections WANG Fu-jian, LU Yi-xiao, JIN Sheng 2021, 21(4): 132-139.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.016 Abstract ( )   PDF (2346KB) ( )   The travel time distribution and reliability characteristics of urban arterial roads with multiple signalized intersections are one of the important branches of traffic flow theory. Based on the grey relational analysis, this paper establishes a model of travel time influencing factors of multiple signalized intersections under signal coordination control. Firstly, the automatic number plate recognition (ANPR) data is preprocessed to get travel time data; then, the Burr distribution and the Gaussian mixture model are used to fit the travel time distribution and conduct goodness of fit test; finally, the grey correlation method is used to analyze the relationship between the number of signalized intersections, route length, route traffic flow and the travel time characteristics. The results show that the link travel time distribution is bimodal, and the Gaussian mixture model is suitable for the fitting of link travel time; the Burr distribution can better describe the characteristics of right deviation of the arterial roads with multiple signalized intersections. There is a certain correlation between the number of signalized intersections, route length, route traffic flow and travel time characteristics, and the influence of the route length is more significant. With the increase of route length, the travel time tends to a stable unimodal distribution, and the fluctuation decreases and the reliability increases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Forecasting Model of Intercity Trip Distribution with Tourism Preference TAO Si-ran, YE Xia-fei 2021, 21(4): 140-147.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.017 Abstract ( )   PDF (1558KB) ( )   With the cellular signaling data, spatial patterns of intercity tourists of 5A and 4A attractions in 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta were analyzed under the current circumstance that there is insufficient consideration about tourism connection when forecasting intercity trip distribution. The data showed that spatial patterns of intercity tourists were similar among attractions whose tourists rank high and the overall 5A and 4A attractions in the same city. Meanwhile, the spatial pattern stayed stable on different days other than festival holidays. Based on this characteristic, the tourism preference parameter was constructed with the help of the preference scale and added to the basic gravity model to build an intercity trip distribution forecasting model. The calibration results, which are based on the current intercity trip distribution data of 26 cities in the Yangtze River Delta, show that the fitting degree of the model is improved, the root mean square error decreases significantly, and results of 75% of the OD pairs are improved. Therefore, the introduction of tourism preference can improve the accuracy of the intercity trip distribution forecasting model. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Routing Problem for Large-scale Events Based on Space-time Waiting Feature Coefficients HU Chen-jie, ZHANG Jun 2021, 21(4): 148-155.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.018 Abstract ( )   PDF (1692KB) ( )   Efficient and reasonable integrated traffic path planning is one of the prerequisites for successful large-scale events. In this paper, we introduce passenger travel preferences for a routing problem of mass groups participating in large events and convert it into a space-time waiting optimization problem. A space-time-transport mode network is constructed based on the characteristics of multi-modal public transportation. An integer linear programming model is developed to minimize the total cost of passenger travel time. To improve the efficiency of solving real-scale datasets, an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation and sub-gradient optimization is proposed. A search space reduction method based on inverse inference is introduced to improve the algorithm. The proposed model and algorithm are validated with a hypothetical case of audiences going to watch the Olympic game. The numerical results show that the introduction of time-space waiting improves the rationality of the travel path planning scheme for large-scale events, as well as improving the travel experience of passengers. It is also proved that the model alleviates traffic congestion effectively when large-scale events are held. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Adaptive Dynamic Path Planning Method Under Traffic Condition Awareness CHANG Meng-meng , YUAN Lei , DING Zhi-ming , LI Lu-tong 2021, 21(4): 156-162.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.019 Abstract ( )   PDF (2050KB) ( )   Due to the lack of timeliness and usability of traditional path planning algorithms in dynamic networks, this paper proposes an adaptive path planning method applied to path selection under time- varying road conditions. By introducing a dynamic network flow graph partition, a state tree for hierarchical road network is constructed, which effectively reduces the computational cost of path finding and improves the usability of traditional path planning models in the dynamic road network. Then a path mapping method based on hierarchical network is further proposed by integrating the spatiotemporal variation of region conditions into the index. The path finding field of view can be reduced by gradually shrinking the minimum containment area according to the distance of the visited nodes, so that the path finding process can be transformed into small- scale addressing in the hierarchical graph. In order to accommodate the dynamic changes of the road network, the path finding adopts a forward and backward detection strategy with multiple parallel paths, which makes the path search converge rapidly to an optimal solution and seeks a balance between dynamic road condition and travel cost. Finally, we conduct an experimental evaluation with Beijing traffic dataset to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of the query performance and the adaptive adjustment. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Multiple Types of Information on Airport Outbound Passengers' Traffic Mode Selection LI Xin-yue , SUN Yun-hua , AI Yun-fei 2021, 21(4): 163-170.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.020 Abstract ( )   PDF (2256KB) ( )   This paper proposes to set up the variable message signs (VMS) in the airport to provide information such as queuing time, road congestion and transit service levels, so as to guide passengers to make the best choice of traffic mode on the basis of the original decision. Considering the order of obtaining travel information, the decision-making process can be divided into two stages. In the first stage, passengers select the travel mode depends on the individual experiences or mobile navigation information. In the second stage, the VMS information would affect the passengers' selections. The passenger mode transfer model based on the Nested Logit model is established, and the information data of the two stages are fused by the full probability formula to obtain the passenger' traffic mode selections. The effectiveness of the model is verified through numerical simulations. The results show that the high quality and combination of waiting time information, road congestion information and transit service information is beneficial to improve the utilization rate of public transport and system operation efficiency, which can increase the utilization rate of public transport by 3% and reduce the system operation time by 13.8%. The more congested the road condition is, the more important the road information to the passenger's traffic mode selections. When the traffic demand is light, providing VMS information can still improve the utilization rate of airport buses. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Route Adjustment Behavior Decision-making Based on Driver's Congestion Perception ZHU Min-qing , LI Xin-ye , CUI Hong-jun , YAO Sheng 2021, 21(4): 171-177.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.021 Abstract ( )   PDF (1891KB) ( )   To further understand the formation mechanism and diffusion law of traffic congestion, this paper investigates drivers' route finding and adjusting behaviors in traffic congestions. The driver's perception on congestions was defined from experiments based on the omni-directional scene. By collecting the driver's individual characteristics, travel characteristics, and the traffic flow parameters, this study uses the variance analysis to examine the impact of drivers' individual characteristic and travel characteristics on driving route decision making. The Binomial Logistic is used to establish a route adjustment behavior model with driver's perceptions on congestions to further quantify the correlation between driver characteristics and route adjustments. The results indicate that different driver characteristics and travel characteristics would result in significantly different decisions on route adjustment in traffic congestions. For example, men, the elderly, and drivers with less driving experiences, less frequent travels, and flexible travels are more likely to keep the original route than other groups; when the driving distance increase cause by the route adjustment accounts for a large proportion of the remaining driving distance, of the driver is more likely to keep the original route. Drivers who are familiar with the road network are 11.3% times more likely to maintain the original route than other drivers; for every increase of 1 km · h- 1 running speed, the probability that the driver maintains the original route is 1.223 times than before speed increases. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Game Strategy of Automobile Sharing Service Chain Alliance ZHOU Xiao-xiang, HUANG Cheng-feng 2021, 21(4): 178-187.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.022 Abstract ( )   PDF (1675KB) ( )   The automobile service chain alliance model was formed by charging pile service providers and time-sharing car operators, under linear demand and limited rationality, the alliance price formation mechanism and alliance stability strategy were analyzed comprehensively. The results show that the contract electricity price in the alliance will be lower than the market electricity price under the decentralized situation, and the alliance has a negative impact on the marginal profit for time-sharing car operators. However, the total revenue of the participating service providers in the service chain alliance has increased, and the overall service chain can obtain excess income. Under linear demand, the automobile service chain alliance's equilibrium profits are affected by the high price sensitivity. And the deviation of profits under different decision models shows a downtrend while the price sensitivity increases. With limited rationality, the stability of the sharing car service chain alliance was related to the initial system. Besides, its stable operation is affected by the change of profits of different service providers before and after the alliance, the ability to obtain the additional deviation revenue, penalty from the alliance. A reasonable alliance cooperation reward and punishment mechanism should be established to maintain the stability of the alliance. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Appropriate Scale of Online Ride-hailing and Taxi Based on Co-opetition Relationship Analysis LI Zhao-lei, LIU Kun , SUN Qi-peng 2021, 21(4): 188-196.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.023 Abstract ( )   PDF (2041KB) ( )   To determine the appropriate scale of urban online ride-hailing and taxi and to promote the healthy development, the Lotka-Volterra evolution model of online ride-hailing and taxi under the environment of competition, cooperation and co- opetition was established based on the co-evolution theory. The data simulation analysis was conducted to determine the appropriate scale of the online ride-hailing and the taxi in different environments when they reach the equilibrium state. The results show that the evolution of online ride- hailing and the taxi is related to the coefficient of competition and cooperation effect. In the competition environment, the fierce competition can eliminate the markets of disadvantage, and the dominant party finally reach the scale threshold. When the competition tends to ease, the two parties can achieve balance and stability in the market after the coexistence. In the cooperation environment, both of them have a large space for development, which can better promote the integration and development of new and old formats. In the co- opetition environment, the development trend of the two parties are similar to that of the competition environment, but cooperation can delay the extinction rate of the inferior party. Finally, it puts forward some suggestions to promote the fair competition between online ride-hailing and the taxi, give consideration to the old and new forms of business, and promote the integrated development. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Nonlinear Model of Impact of Built Environment on Urban Parking Demand CHEN Jian , LIU Ke-liang , DI Jing , PENG Tao 2021, 21(4): 197-203.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.024 Abstract ( )   PDF (1732KB) ( )   PDF(English version) (501KB) ( 133 )   This paper investigates the relationship between parking demand and the built environment from a spatial perspective to understand the parking demand trend from the micro- spatial scale of urban construction projects. The parking demand is represented by the number of parking generations per unit area of the building during peak hours, and the built environment is characterized by 9 factors including the degree of mixed land use, road density, and service level of urban public transport. The Ordinary least- squares (OLS) model and the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) model are developed to describe the impact of built environment on parking demand. Based on the parking data of commercial parking lots in the main urban area in Baoding, China, this study conducted an empirical analysis of the model with the multi-source heterogeneous data including parking survey data, the Point of Interest (POI) data and road network data. The results show that the GBDT model considering the non-linear effect has a better fitting degree than the OLS model. From the perspective of impact contribution, construction indicators and location are two built environmental factors significantly affect parking demand, the contributions are respectively18.92% and 15.23%. The intersection density has the least contribution, which is 5.19%. In terms of non-linear relationship, both built environmental factors and parking demand have non- linear relationship and threshold effect. In addition to the Ushaped relationship of intersection density and population density with parking demand, the relationship of other factors and parking demand overall remains positive or negative correlations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Lateral Collision Risk on Merging Behavior of Weaving Area LI Gen, ZHAI Wei, ZHU Xing-bei, YANG Sheng, WU Lan 2021, 21(4): 204-210.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.025 Abstract ( )   PDF (1886KB) ( )   In order to study the merging behavior of vehicles in the interweaving area of ramps of the expressway, an acceleration model of vehicle merging was constructed based on the gradient boosting decision tree (Gradient Boosting Decision Tree, GBDT). Traffic parameters such as distance difference, speed difference and acceleration, which were extracted from the NGSIM vehicle trajectory data of the United States are used as candidate variables. The combined acceleration after 1s is used as the predictor variable. Five-fold cross-training and testing are performed on the model to obtain the best parameter combination of the model. The lateral distance collision time TC is introduced to analyze the merging process and the impact of the mid-to- side collision risk on the confluence acceleration. The study indicates that: the model has higher prediction accuracy compared to the perspective- based stimulus- response model (VASR); the introduction of the variable TC performs better in the three indicators of mean square error (MSE), mean absolute deviation (MAD) and R2 than the original model; among the various influencing variables, the speed difference ΔVPL between the converging vehicle and the leading vehicle in the target lane and the lateral distance collision time TC have the greatest impact on the confluence acceleration, with the relative impact reaching 20.2% and 12.1%, respectively. The study found that the GBDT model can accurately predict the confluence acceleration of vehicles, and deeply explore the nonlinear relationship between the variables and the confluence acceleration. The introduction of the variable TC can effectively improve the accuracy of the model. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Column Generation-based Heuristic Approach for Electric Bus and Driver Scheduling on Single Bus Lines LIU Hao-xiang , WU A-feng , LONG Jian-cheng, ZHOU Jue 2021, 21(4): 211-220.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.026 Abstract ( )   PDF (1486KB) ( )   This paper investigates the integrated electric buses and drivers scheduling problem for single bus lines. The trips are assigned to both electric buses and drivers to generate vehicle utilization plan and driver scheduling plan, which considers the range anxiety of electric bus and the constraints of driver's continuous working hours and total working time. The procedure ensures that all trips are covered by vehicle utilization plan and driver schedule plan and the deadhead trip generated by vehicle utilization plan are also covered by driver schedule plan. The column generation based heuristic algorithm is designed to solve the problem, which can be decomposed into a master problem and two pricing subproblems. The master problem determines driver schedules and electric bus routes from the feasible vehicle routes set and driver schedules set and ensure that all trips and deadhead trips generated by vehicle utilization are covered by electric buses and drivers. The pricing subproblem is described as two shortest path problems with resource constraints based on time-space networks to generate feasible vehicle routes and driver schedules. Then the pure diving heuristic approach is used to obtain the integer solution. Three random bus routes in Hefei city are used as examples to test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Fast Charging Behavior of Electric Taxi Based on Improved Kernel Density Estimation TIAN Sheng , ZENG Li-li 2021, 21(4): 221-229.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.027 Abstract ( )   PDF (2323KB) ( )   Charging behavior of electric vehicle (EV) is the basis of spatial-temporal distribution prediction of charging load, charging infrastructure planning and vehicle charging management. This paper collected the electric taxis charging data in Shanghai and extracted the characteristic variables of fast charging behavior for the defined charging segments. The correlation analysis was carried out to reveal the intrinsic relationship between variables and the law of fast charging behavior for both weekday and weekend study periods. An adaptive diffusion kernel density estimation model (ADKDE) was proposed on the basis of the diffusion equation and applied to the probability estimation of characteristic variables of fast charging behavior. The goodness of fit test was performed to verify the effectiveness of the ADKDE model. The results indicate that the fast-charging behavior of electric taxis is significantly different between weekday and weekend. The proposed ADKDE model can improve the accuracy of the probability modeling of the EV charging behavior and the accuracy of model fitting. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Decision on Route Planning and Speed Scheduling of Container Liners Considering Emission Control Areas CHU Jin-hua, LI Jun-he , WANG Chun-juan , CHEN Chao 2021, 21(4): 230-238.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.028 Abstract ( )   PDF (2199KB) ( )   With the implementation of the emission control areas (ECAs) and the global Sulphur Cap, the big differences in fuel prices inside and outside the ECAs has affected the choice of the port- entry angles and port- exit angles, the voyage speed choices, and the port calling sequences. Due to this great difference in fuel prices inside and outside the ECAs, ship operators have to consider the most effective entry and exit angles to and from the ports. There is a close relationship between the ships' angles of entry and exit to the navigation distance inside and outside of the ECAs. Ship operators tend to travel shorter distance and run relatively lower speed within the ECAs. However, this causes increase in travel distances and navigation speeds outside the ECAs. The optimal voyage speeds are also affected by the trade-off effects between time consumption costs and fuel consumption costs. The operating costs composition among ports also have a decisive effect on the selection of the calling sequence. Considering the complex relationships and trade-offs among the above-mentioned factors, this paper proposes an integrated method for route planning and speed scheduling of container liners with the consideration of the ECAs. The objective is minimizing the voyage operating costs. Utilizing a geometric method of mutational trigonometric function with unrestricted hypotenuses and a mixed integer non-linear programming method, this study develops a two-stage integrated decisionmaking model, and applies the genetic algorithm to solve the model. The case comparisons and trend analysis verifies the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed method. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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TOD Measurement Model with Spatial Coupling Connectivity JIANG Li, WEN Hui-ying 2021, 21(4): 239-247.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.029 Abstract ( )   PDF (2638KB) ( )   Public Transport-Oriented Development (TOD) is a planning model that effectively combine transportation function with land use. In view of the deficiency of considering guiding factors in the existing research on the relationship between rail transit stations and surrounding land use, this study improves the traditional "Node- place" model and increases an "accessibility" dimension in the model to reflect the node- place relationships. A TOD development measurement model is thus proposed in consideration of the spatial coupling function connectivity. Taking Shenzhen city as an example, the paper evaluates the TOD development level of the influence area at rail stations and reveals the synergistic relationship between rail transit and urban space. The result shows that the improved "Node- place" model performs better on identifying the "balanced site" than traditional models. The TOD comprehensive index decreases spatially from the core areas of Futian and Luohu District to the peripheral areas of Guangming, Longhua, and Longgang District. The Metro Line 2 and Metro Line 7 have a high level of node and place indexes. The Metro Line 6 and Metro Line 11 have high value agglomeration of the accessibility indexes. Most of rail stations in Luohu District have low accessibility, which shows the "Transit integrated development" or "Transit adjacent development". In addition, the higher the TOD comprehensive development level in the rail station influence area, the heavier the passenger flow at the stations, and the higher degree of the coordination between the two factors. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Risk Evaluation of Express Delivery Goods Based on Semantic Mining QI Ge-qi, ZHANG Zi-xian , WEI Zhen-lin , LI Bao-wen 2021, 21(4): 248-255.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.030 Abstract ( )   PDF (2503KB) ( )   To improve the risk monitoring of express transportation and reduce the possibility of urban security incidents caused by risky express goods, this paper transforms the description of express delivery goods into the quantitative representation of risks based on the semantic mining method. The study provides a quantifiable and objective index basis for risk evaluation of express transportation. Based on the court verdict data provided by the Web big data resources, this study correlates the goods descriptions with the verdicts and explores the goods risk topics through the hidden Dirichlet distribution model. The fuzzy C-means clustering method is also incorporated to realize the quantitative representation and flexible division of the semantic risk of express delivery goods. Different from the traditional method which relies on the subjective judgment of the inspector after checking the fixed contraband list, the proposed method fully excavates the transferable knowledge from the Web text data and applies it to different types of express delivery goods, which can effectively avoid missing inspections and errors caused by manual evaluation. The results show high accuracy rate and low false alarm rate, and the obtained risk evaluation value is no longer“0”or“1” representing the judgment of“yes”or“no”. The proposed method helps to make diversified and focused early warning and response measures to avoid risks in express deliveries. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identifying Important Ports in Container Liner Shipping Network: A Perspective from Spreading Dynamic Theory GE Jia-wei, YUAN Ke-biao, YIN Ming, WANG Xue-feng 2021, 21(4): 256-262.  DOI: 10.16097/j.cnki.1009-6744.2021.04.031 Abstract ( )   PDF (1857KB) ( )   This paper integrates the ship schedule recovery problem into the identification of important ports. Based on the spreading dynamics, the spreading characteristics of the world container shipping network are discussed, and it is found that the port spreading ability and its degree satisfy the power-law distribution of 16.84, which explicates the scale-free characteristic. Through the Susceptible-Infected-Susceptible (SIS) model, with the structural characteristics of the network, several classic evaluation methods of the node spreading influence (node centrality, k- shell decomposition, gravity, and so on) are compared, where the shortest path between the nodes shows a great impact on the model accuracy. According to the gravity model, a comprehensive index is proposed in integrating the degree value, the node position (k-shell) and the interaction between the nodes (the shortest path length). Then the modified gravity model is verified to be applicable in evaluating the important nodes of the world container shipping network, where the comprehensive index improves the model accuracy. The empirical analysis shows that: (1) a new order of the world ports, providing a different perspective for the identification of important ports; (2) ports with high spreading influence are generally located in Asia, followed by the European region; and (3) there is no positive correlation with high connectivity and high spreading influence. References | Related Articles | Metrics