Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology

On Relationship between Extending National Market and Infrastructure Construction

WANG Qing-yun

2009, 9(3): 1-5 .

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When the global economic crisis occurs, the Chinese government managed to fuel the national economic growth by extending national market with infrastructure construction. To illustrate the necessity of funding transportation infrastructure construction, the paper points out that the advanced transportation infrastructure should be promoted. By analyzing the development direction of both railway passenger transport and freight transport, the paper puts forward that the passenger transport and a rational railroad structure should be the priority issues of future railway development. It also presents the necessity and practical conditions of building the dedicated passenger railway lines and forming a network in China. Meanwhile, the author advances that infrastructure construction induces the self-improvement of every transport mode and the transportation structure optimization should be considered as well. Finally, relevant problems of railway reform are analyzed, and the author emphasizes that the foundation of the transportation reform is keeping the non-profit nature of transportation all the time.

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Review of Transportation and Energy Consumption Related Research

JIA Shun-ping,PENG Hong-qin, LIU Shuang, ZHANG Xiao-jie

2009, 9(3): 6-16 .

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With high consumption of energy, especially petroleum resources, transportation industry has received much concern. In view of this, the paper summarizes the domestic and international research achievements on transportation energy consumption, such as external costs determination of energy consumption, influencing factor analysis, statistical indices and data comparison, interactive relation between transportation energy consumption and social economy, relevant planning and policy making, prediction of energy demand of transportation industry. It also analyzes the characteristics and shortcomings of the existed researches. Some key issues concerning the future researches are put forward, namely, the statistical data collection and comparative indices determination, estimation of comparative consumption factors of different transportation modes, exploration of influencing factors and sensitivity analysis, as well as the establishment of relevant basic data platform and theory and method system.

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Complexity Analysis of Urban Public Transit Network

LIU Rui,YAN Bao-jie, HUANG Zhi-peng

2009, 9(3): 17-22 .

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Urban public transit system can be regarded as a complex network consisting of stops and bus lines. The geometric characteristics of the network have close relationship with the accessibility of the stops. The Space P network of the Hefei transit network is established. And the value and distribution of the network’s degree, clustering coefficient, betweenness centrality, and average path length are computed and analyzed. The result indicates that the Hefei transit network has the characteristics of small-world networks. All stops are classified by systematic cluster analysis. The relative importance of the classified stops is determined based on the influence of the different classification on the average transfer number. The results can provide reference for the transit management and planning.

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Hierarchical Division of Regional National Defense Highway Network Nodes Based on Grey Clustering Analysis

WANG Hai-wei, LU Hua-pu,WEI Xin-xin

2009, 9(3): 23-28 .

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Hierarchical division of regional national defense highway network nodes is the primary work of the layout optimization. The hierarchical division standard is different for national defense highway network compared with ordinary national highway network, thus the targets determination and method adoption are different accordingly. First, the paper defined the principle of the hierarchical division. Then, it put forward the new method of hierarchical division based on grey clustering. The paper formulated the grey clustering of whitenization weight function model, and provided an actual calculation example. The results of the example show that the proposed model is scientific and reasonable, and the calculation process is compact and easy to program. Therefore, this method can be applied in layout optimization of regional national defense highway network.

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Influencing Factors of ATIS Information Choice Behaviors of Public Transit Travelers

YANG Zhi-wei, ZHAO Sheng-chuan, ZHANG Xun

2009, 9(3): 29-35 .

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The information choice behaviors of public transit travelers make significant effect on the application of ATIS. Based on the special investigation of public transit information requirement in Dalian, this study examines influencing factors of ATIS information choice behaviors of public transit travelers. After analyzing the relative importance of potential ATIS information aspects, it proposes four ATIS information factors. In addition, a Binary Logit model of ATIS Information choice behavior is presented to describe the relativity and internal relationship among the factors: gender, career, information aspects, and so on. The results indicate that it is important to highlight people-oriented system in the construction and operation of ATIS.

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Division of Urban Traffic Road Section Based on
Clustering Analysis

JANG Sim Chol,GUAN Wei

2009, 9(3): 36-42 .

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The division of traffic road section by the traffic flow similarity plays an important role in urban traffic control and management. Traffic flow has a characteristic of time series. Similarity measurement is one of the important problems in time series clustering problems. A similarity measurement method based on grey correlation is proposed for traffic flow dada clustering. The results of comparative experiments show that the proposed method has a high accuracy of clustering. As the differences of traffic flow time series in each time period can influence the accuracy of traffic flow data clustering in the whole time period, a clustering method of traffic flow data based on the division of time period is proposed in this paper. The clustering of traffic flow data for each time period is first studied, and a traffic road section is divided into several groups by maximum frequent itemsets method. The validity of this method is tested by the actual traffic flow data.

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Energy-efficient Driving Strategy for Freight Trains Based on Power Consumption Analysis

BAI Yun,MAO Bao-hua, ZHOU Fang-ming, DING Yong,DONG Cheng-bing

2009, 9(3): 43-50 .

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Energy consumption, involving large economic costs and air pollution, is an important issue of locomotive operation. Based on train movement transfer formulation between energy and work, this paper explores the main forms of energy consumption, which include work of resistance and kinetic energy loss caused by braking. From the view of theoretical analysis and simulations, the paper discusses the energy consumption with different coasting distances before braking and lower speed restriction, and train speed uniformity. The former make a great impact on the kinetic energy loss and the latter determines the work of resistance. The results of case study indicate that it is possible to save 6.8% energy under the rigorous restriction of schedule time by keep train speed uniform. If only unnecessary braking can be avoided and coasting distances before stop increased properly, an energy saving of 9% can be achieved while running time only slightly affected.

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Relationship between “Occupying Conflict” and Speed Standard Deviation

ZHANG Zhi,XIONG Jian, QIN Ya-qin

2009, 9(3): 51-54 .

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Overtaking is a very common travel behavior, but improper conduction always creates rear-end collisions. A crucial factor in the process is the occupying conflict caused by the speed difference. The paper explores the relationship between the vehicle occupying conflict and speed standard deviation by traffic flow simulation with a given mass of vehicles on the road. It also analyzes the influence of traffic volume on the occupying conflict. The simulation results show that the occupying conflict is in direct proportion to the speed standard deviation, and it is the quadratic function of the traffic volume. Finally, an occupying conflict model is developed, which can be used to identify the occupying conflict in traffic flow and evaluate road safety to some extent.

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Impact of Indirect Left-Turning Measures from Driveways on Driving Behaviors and Safety

TAO Ruihua,WEI Heng

2009, 9(3): 55-63 .

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Direct left turn from driveways is considered as a contributor to accident and delay in at-grade intersections. Safety benefits of prohibiting direct left turn from driveways have been identified in many studies. Several engineering alternatives have been developed to accommodate prohibited driveway left turns. These alternatives are (1) right-turn followed by U-turn at the down stream intersection; (2) right-turn followed by median U-turn before the intersection; (3) right-turn followed by median U-turn after the intersection; (4) upstream Jug Handle, and (5) downstream Jug Handle. Each of the five treatments reroutes the left-turn vehicles at intersections, mid-block segments or side streets. Consequently, the alternatives of the indirect left-turning measures give rise to changes in drivers’ driving behaviors and safety. Based on the practices and experiences from several states as well as the authors’ studies, this paper presents the results from reviewing impacts of the indirect left-turning measures on driving behaviors and safety of the affected drivers. As a result of implementing the alternatives, changes in turning maneuvers and driving tasks, travel speed, speed disturbance, travel time, and drivers’ perceptions of acceptable gaps in diverted turning maneuvers are addressed in the discussions of the impact on driving behaviors. And then, changes in conflict areas, conflict counts, and crash types are addressed in the discussions of impact on drivers’ safety. In conclusions, major characteristics of the indirect left-turning measures are summarized and some key issues are also discussed.

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Sensitivity Analysis of Simulated Annealing for Continuous Network Design Problems

YANG Jin, XU Meng, GAO Zi-you

2009, 9(3): 64-70 .

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In this paper, parameters choices of simulated annealing for continuous network design problems are discussed. A bi-level programming model for continuous network design problem is introduced. Objective function of the upper level is defined as the sum of the total travel time on the network and the total investment costs of link capacity expansions. The lower level problem is the user equilibrium assignment model, which is solved by the Gradient projection algorithm. Sensitivity analysis method is the first time used to analyze and compare the influence of the different selection of parameters to the implementation of simulated annealing algorithm. Suggestions of parameter selection are also given. Analysis demonstrates that the efficiency and precision of these methods can be improved clearly with the proposed suggestions.

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Multi-User and Multi-Mode Mixed Traffic Assignment Model under the Influence of Parking Charge

SHI Feng, LUO Duan-gao

2009, 9(3): 71-77 .

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Considering the parking charge effect on the traffic assignment of urban road, the travelers in a network can be classified into car–owners and non-car-owners. Under the condition of public transportation priority strategy, multi-user and multi-mode traffic equilibrium assignment problem is explored, in which the car-owners prefer traveling by car or bus as well as the non-car-owners prefer traveling by taxi or bus are all analyzed. Using mathematics planning theory, the study formulates a multi-user and multi-mode mixed traffic equilibrium assignment model considering the parking charge effect, and further proves the equivalence and uniqueness of the model solution. Computation result suggests that, with the increase of the parking charge, the trip demand by car would obviously decline, and the trip demands by taxi and bus would get a sharp increase.

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Urban Road and Parking Assignment Model and Its Algorithm with Capacity Constrain

SI Bing-feng, ZHANG Hao-zhi, SUN Hui-jun, GAO Zi-you

2009, 9(3): 78-85 .

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Parking is obviously one of the crucial factors that affect the performance of a transportation system. The main focus of this paper is to study the routing and parking problem in urban traffic network simultaneously. First, the factors including road-driving time, parking cost, and walking time that influence drivers’ parking choices are all considered and the general utility function for parking plot is formulated. The Logit model is then used to describe the drivers’ parking choice behavior. Then Wardrop user equilibrium principle is adopted to describe the drivers’ route choice behaviors. On the basis of these, a Logit-based stochastic user equilibrium model with capacity constrain is presented and its algorithm is proposed simultaneously. Finally, the applications of the model and its algorithm are illustrated with a numeral example.

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Robust Optimization of Hub-and-Spoke Airline Network Design Based on Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm

HUANG Jia, WANG Qing-yun

2009, 9(3): 86-92 .

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In the process of designing hub network, the selection of hub airports is influenced by the change of the demand and cost. Under the condition of changing in demand, this may lead to large minimum cost deviation between the designed optimal network and real optimal network, respectively. To reduce the risk caused by the uncertainty in network optimization and get the optimal robust solution of hub network under the multi-possible conditions of demand and cost, a method based on multi-objective optimization genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. The convergence of the algorithm has been proved, and the experimental results demonstrate the availability of the algorithm. First, multiple objective functions needing to be optimized simultaneously are formulated from different conditions of needs and cost, then a genetic algorithm is used to provide all possible routes of the network hub structure, and robust optimal network solution for multi-objective optimization is searched. The convergence of the search algorithms is proved to be effective by the numerical results.

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Elastic Bottleneck Equilibrium Model for Rail Transit Passengers at Rush Hours

HAO Ji-xiu,ZHOU Wei, PENG Hu, WANG Yuan-qing

2009, 9(3): 93-97 .

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As the traditional bottlenecks models are failed to be fully utilized in the rail transit equilibrium at rush hours, the paper proposes the elastic bottleneck concepts which can reflect the trip character in each station, and develops a bottleneck equilibrium traffic flow model. First, with extending the definition of congestion risk cost, a more reasonable travel cost model for different stations at different time is developed at rush hours. Then, the peak hours computing equation is formulated to investigate the characteristics of rush hours. Considering the elastic features of different stations, the elastic bottleneck equilibrium model at the rush hours is developed. Finally, after model solution, the similarity between the model result and land value of space diminishing is analyzed comparatively, which is used to demonstrate the rationality of the proposed elastic bottlenecks model.

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Heuristic Algorithm for Searching Public Transit Paths Based on Reliability Analysis

CHEN Yan-yan, WANG Dong-zhu

2009, 9(3): 98-102 .

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Urban public transit network consists of subway lines, light-rail lines, special bus lanes, and general bus lines, and different travel speed and transfer time can be obtained by these lines. Because of the obvious randomness characters of the travel time of public transit, the optimum route search based on static traffic data is far deviated from the real one. Taking the trip sectors such as waiting, transfer, on board as links, the multi-level public transit network containing subway lines, light-rail lines, special bus lanes, and general bus lines is established in this paper. Considering the random fluctuation of travel time, it takes the average travel time and travel time reliability as link weights. By heuristic increasing link travel time weight during the path search procedure, high delay risk links are effectively avoided and the reliable path under the constraint of circuitous could be obtained. The proposed algorithm is proved to be reasonable and effective at the final part of the paper.

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Mixed Transportation Network Design Based on Immune Clone Annealing Algorithm

SUN Yang, SONG Rui, HE Shi-wei, CHEN Qiang

2009, 9(3): 103-108 .

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This paper focuses on the mixed transportation network design problem. A bi-level programming model, constrained by investment budget, is developed to minimize the total impedance of transportation network The immune clone annealing algorithm, which is designed by combining annealing tactic of simulated annealing algorithm and immune clone algorithm, is introduced to solve the proposed bi-level model. Compared with simulated annealing algorithm, the feasibility and effectiveness of the model and the algorithm is demonstrated through a numerical experiment. The sensitivity analysis on different investment budget constraints is provided, as well as the relation between investment cost and the total impedance of network, investment budget constraint, and decision on network design.

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Improved Price Negotiation Model in Supply Chain Based on Multi-Agent

LI Yi-hua, LI Xia-miao

2009, 9(3): 109-113 .

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Simulating the automatic negotiation between enterprises in supply chain by the multi-agent system is one of the critical technologies to realize intelligence business. This paper first describes the negotiation process in a fixed format. Based on analyzing the predecessor’s price strategy model and value confirmation of the correlation parameters, the authors develop a new price strategy negotiation model using different probability density functions imitating different price strategy, and analyze the value confirmation and actual meaning of the parameters in the function. During the process of price negotiation, the aothors determine the agent’s strategy by its next expectation price and reservation price, and also take the adversary’s price into account, which makes the negotiation process consistent with the phenomenon of “argy-bargy” in real life. The authors finally analyze and validate the practicability and rationality of the model by the numerical examples.

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Calculation and Application of Value of Travel Time

ZONG Fang, JUAN Zhi-cai,ZHANG Hui-yong, JIA Hong-fei

2009, 9(3): 114-119 .

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The traditional calculation method of VOT (value of time) does not consider the influence of individual factors on VOT and the time-saving utilization. Based on the Production method, the income method, and disaggregate Probit model, the paper develops a new calculation method of VOT by introducing the time-saving utilization coefficient. With the new method and the travel survey data in Nanhai, Foshan, the paper calculates traveler’s generalized travel cost and formulates a Logistic-based travel frequency forecasting model. According to the travel frequency forecasting and the sensitivity analysis, the paper evaluates the feasibility of the congestion pricing policy in Nanhai. The results indicate that the improved method, with consideration of the individual factors, can solve the problem of time-saving utilization and increase the accuracy of VOT calculation. Moreover, the improved method provides theoretical support for travel behavior analysis, travel demand forecasting, and transportation demand management policy evaluation.

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Stackelberg Game Management Model of Public Transit

SUN Lian-ju,GAO Zi-you

2009, 9(3): 121-127 .

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The enterprises in free competition are always in Prisoner’s Dilemma, in other words, the Nash equilibrium is usually not the Pareto optimal solution. In this paper, a static non-cooperative Stackelberg game model is developed to describe the dynamic interactive adjustment process between the manager and operators, in which the manager is the leader who attempts to reach the system optimization. Then the game is transformed into a single-level optimization problem with the variational inequality, and the characters of the solutions are also discussed. The augmented Lagrange algorithm is used and its local convergent conclusion is drawn. An example is given at the last section.

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Traffic Signal Priority and Control Method of BRT

GUO Xin-lei,ZHANG Hai

2009, 9(3): 128-134 .

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Bus rapid transit (BRT) is an effective way to improve urban traffic status. Traffic signal priority is an important technique to increase the efficiency of BRT. In view of complexity of coordinated control with signal priority, this paper presents a strategy of key parameters selection, a control method of signal priority based on fixed period and a priority appraising system. Optimization of signal control parameters and bus dispatch parameters is realized using genetic arithmetic for different periods to obtain general control effect of BRT and other vehicles. Compared with several other control methods, priority effect of this method is demonstrated by the VISSIM simulation of the Beijing South-Center Corridor of China.

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Urban Traffic Flow Prediction and Assignment
with Dynamic Programming

LI Yi-long

2009, 9(3): 135-139 .

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In view of the uncertainty of the complex urban traffic system, this paper presents a traffic flow prediction and assignment method with dynamic programming. The model is developed by considering the capacity limitation in each section of the road network. In this model, the newly-added restraint condition is transferred by introducing punishment function, and the fine characters of traditional assignment model are maintained. Then, the algorithm is documented, in which Frank-Wolfe algorithm is combined with the punishment function. The control strategy consists of prediction control, feedback correction, and rolling optimization. Finally, a numerical example is used to illustrate the availability of the proposed method which provides reference for traffic flow prediction and assignment.

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Simulation of Queuing Behavior Based on Cellular Automata Model

LIAO Ming-jun,SUN Jian,WANG Kai-ying

2009, 9(3): 140-145 .

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Queuing behavior model is the basis of pedestrian traffic simulation system in normal situation. The paper models queue system using queuing theory, finite state machine principle, and cellular automata model. The queuing behavior model takes modified included angle between goal direction and neighbor direction as the main factors of transition probability function. Then the queuing behavior model is implemented with object-oriented program language-C#. Two simulation scenarios are established with different amount of ticket sales window. The animation of simulation shows that the queuing model effectively simulates queue activities. From the relationship between queue length and time, it can be found that the length of queue can be decrease by adding ticket sales point, and the performance of queue system can also be improved, which demonstrates that the model can be used to simulate the pedestrian queuing behavior.

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Timing Optimization for Two-phase Intersections Considering Pedestrian Crossing

FENG Shu-min, PEI Yu-long

2009, 9(3): 146-151 .

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Considering the relevant moving characteristics of vehicle and pedestrian crossing, their interactions at intersections, and the safety of pedestrian, this study adds the leading and lagging green time in signal timing of the two-phase control. In view of the needs of pedestrian crossing, the maximum delay and the total pedestrian delay are introduced into the timing optimization model. The model takes the cycle, stopping rate, saturation, queue length, and maximum accepting delay of both pedestrian and vehicle as the constraint conditions. Minimum total delay of pedestrian and vehicle is the optimization object of the model. The solving methods are also provided in following part. The concept and proposed method of this study offer new ideas for the timing optimization of the signalized intersections.

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Operational Process and Disposition Scheme of Railway Container Stations

WANG Li

2009, 9(3): 152-156 .

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Railway Container transportation has significant impact on decreasing the comprehensive logistics cost and improving the efficiency and effectiveness of supply chains. Referring to the current situation of domestic rail container transportation, this paper discusses the operational processes in railway container central stations (RCCS), including the container pack and unpack operations, station operation, as well as loading and unloading operations. To enhance the operational efficiency, it then analyzes the disposition scheme of RCCS by considering the characteristic of function areas, and presents the principles for construction and transformation of RCCS.

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Research and Application of QoS Support Mechanism Key Technologies for Wireless Sensor Network

FENG Yun-mei, SHEN Hai-yan, SHI Tian-yun

2009, 9(3): 157-160 .

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Considering the recent achievements of QoS support mechanism, the characteristics of wireless sensor network, and the actual demands of Qinghai-Tibet permafrost temperature detection, the paper puts forward that key points and requirements of the QoS support mechanism for Qinghai-Tibet permafrost temperature detection are efficient use of energy , reliable data transmission, and effective extension of network life cycle. Base on that, it analyzes the energy optimization strategy of QoS guarantee mechanism for the Qinghai-Tibet permafrost ground temperature monitoring wireless sensor network. A non-uniform sub-cluster routing algorithm is presented as well. Lastly, with simulation and pilot application in the Qinghai-Tibet permafrost automatic monitoring, it demonstrates that the routing algorithm can effectively improve the network life cycle and data transmission reliability. This study provides theoretical support and a model reference for establishing related wireless sensor network application systems.

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Traffic Guide Sign System and Its Practice in Beijing Olympics

ZHANG Qing, LI Yang,LI Wei, ZHAO En-qiang

2009, 9(3): 161-165 .

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As a kind of traffic language, road traffic sign become guideline for trip to millions of traffic participants. It plays more and more important role in standardizing urban traffic behavior, reducing traffic congestion, as well as ensuring traffic safety and smoothness. Exploring the development and current problems of the traffic guide sign system (TGSS) in Beijing, this paper proposes new concepts on the TGSS programming. It emphasizes the unity between the process of programming and designing. Moreover, this paper introduces the design and application of the special road traffic guide sign system during the Beijing Olympic Games. The evidence indicates that the traffic guide sign system reduced the vehicles and audiences’ travel time by 20% in the central area of Olympic stadium. It effectively avoided congestion caused by dense crowd and hard dredge.

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