Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology

Reviews and Prospect on China Intelligent Transport System in Past Ten Years

ZHANG Guo-Wu

2009, 9(1): 2-9 .

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The thirteen conference of “Transport 7+1 Forum” focuses on the development of Intelligent Transport System (ITS) in China during the past ten years. The article reviews the progress of ITS since its first introduction, and summarizes the achievements of ITS in past ten years and its role on Chinese transportation practices. It also introduces the techniques of ITS related, the experiences and the lessons as well. A series of key issues have been discussed in the article such as the effectiveness of government and professionals in ITS industry. A future development of ITS in China has also been explored in the final part of the paper.

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Structural Analysis on 2008 Intercity Transport System of China

MAO Bao-hua, SUN Quan-xin, CHEN Shao-kuan

2009, 9(1): 10-18 .

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Based on the 2008 intercity transport statistical data, this paper analyzes the trend of multimodal transport market of China. By investigating the social, economic and land-use data, it explores the structural rationality of passenger and freight transportation. Some policy measures have been put forward to optimize the operations of China intercity transport network. It concludes that China will meet her second adjustment on intercity transport structure during the first two decades of the 21th century after the construction of highway and air networks. As a big country with insufficient per capita resources, China should exert the effectiveness of transport policies and characteristics of different transport modes during the speeding construction of transport infrastructure so as to improve the passenger and freight transport operations. Author believes that the integrated system with multiple modes in urban areas and joint schedule at terminals would highlight an efficient and sustainable national transport network with the current background of rapid urbanization and motorization.

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Intentional Transportation Management System and Its Implication for China

YANG Yong-zhong,NIU Hui-min

2009, 9(1): 19-23 .

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The traffic and transportation management system is the key factor influencing the efficiency of traffic and transportation and ensuring harmonious development between traffic and transportation and social economy. The scientific and advanced management system is the guarantee to significantly improve the management level and production efficiency. In this paper, the author analyzes the main disadvantages of current traffic and transportation management system which is the relatively backward in China. Furthermore, this paper analyzes traffic and transportation management system in five areas as the management tools, laws and regulations, financing channels, and so on. Finally, using foreign experience for reference and combining with China’s national conditions, it is suggested that management system reform should focus on these four aspects: balanced development of various transport modes, suitable transportation way to our national condition, human-oriented and sustainable development policies, and established integrated transport system.

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Economies of Scope of “Hub and Spoke” Transportation Network

YAO Zhi-gang,ZHOU Wei,WANG Yuan-qing

2009, 9(1): 24-27 .

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To testify that economics of scope is independent of economies of density in “hub and spoke” transportation network, two cost functions are formulated based on two kinds of route structures: separate two nodes system and hub-spoke system with constant returns to density. The calculation of the transportation cost of the two kinds of route structures in the same transportation network reveals that different route structures have very different transportation cost. Only optimal route structures of “hub and spoke” transportation network could provide economics of scope for the expansion progress because of the acquisition of the highest vehicle and staff operational efficiency from aggregated flow of “hub and spoke” transportation network. The results indicate that economics of scope can be obtained in “hub and spoke” transportation network with optimal route structures when the “hub and spoke” transportation network has constant returns to density.

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A Review of Urban Traffic Structure Optimization

LIU Shuang, ZHU Xiao-ning,JIA Shun-ping

2009, 9(1): 28-38 .

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Urban traffic structure is one of the core problems of urban traffic system and an important content in the research of urban traffic development strategy planning. This paper comparatively analyzes the development and present status of different cities in China and abroad and introduces the research emphasis of the urban traffic structure from four aspects, the urban spatial layout and traffic development mode, the relationship of urban land use and traffic structure, the traffic structure optimization model, and the competition of public transit and private traffic. Finally, based on the development characteristics of cities in China, this paper discusses how to use the foreign cities’ experiences as reference, the problems of present research and development tendency.

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Quantify Measure of Beijing Freeway Traffic Status Based on Characteristic Figures

LIU Shu-yun, GUAN Ji-zhen, JIANG Xin-xiao, LIU Jing

2009, 9(1): 39-44 .

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Large amount of real-time data is detected by various instruments and devices from urban roadway traffic systems. Currently, little information has been utilized from the tremendous wealth of information that can be potentially extracted from these data. Thus, it is extremely important and necessary to study how to utilize the information data resource. This paper presents a quantify measure model of traffic status according to a characteristic figure, which is based on the analysis of RTMS real-time data of Beijing freeway and traffic flow theory and statistics analysis method. The model was used in traffic characteristic analysis of the Second Ring Road, the Third Ring Road and the Fourth Ring Road of Beijing, and some significant performance measures have been achieved. On the other hand, multi-component Gauss mixture models were used for the estimation of the distribution of traffic flow parameters and the distribution parameters were estimated by the EM algorithm. The authors also validate the rationality and reliability of these performance measures.

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Self-learning Approach of Traffic Signal Control Based on Cloud Model

CHENG Xiang-jun, DU Peng, ANG Zhao-xia

2009, 9(1): 45-50 .

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In order to reduce the delay of cars passing through intersections, control strategies are set up by cloud model and some parameters of the control model are improved by Q-learning method. The signal control agent of intersections gets the information of vehicles arriving through its perception system. The current signal state is changed according to the set of signal control rules and the information of vehicles arriving. The key rule of the set of signal control rules is described by two-dimensional half normal clouds. The signal control strategies facing different traffic states are generated by two-dimensional forward cloud generators. The main parameters of cloud model are optimized by Q-learning algorithm. Regarding the total vehicle stop delay as objective function, the optimal control schemes based on the cloud model under different traffic volume are generated by iteration. Finally, the signal control method based on the cloud model is compared with the traditional approaches through simulation. The result of the simulation indicates that the effect of the control method based on the cloud model is better than the fixed and actuated control approaches.

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Modeling Virtual Dynamics for Pedestrian Microscopic Simulation

ZHANG Shi-bo, HE Min, LUO Yong, BAO Xiu-chao

2009, 9(1): 51-55 .

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As an important component of urban transportation system, pedestrian traffic is attracting more and more attentions from urban transportation researchers and administrants; however, due to the diversity, low-speed, randomicity and self-organization characters of pedestrian flow, it is very difficult to understand and develop a mathematic model to describe the behavior of pedestrian compared with motorized traffic. The authors use computer microscopic simulation to research/evaluate pedestrian traffic, and one of the key preconditions is modeling. That how necessary it is to probe into pedestrian microscopic model was also analyzed, and real data was collected. Then seven pedestrian characteristics, which reflect pedestrian’s psychological characteristics and instinctive consciousness, were presented from some original perspectives. Based on these characteristics, pedestrian virtual dynamics was modeled in the view of dynamics. The model treats a single pedestrian as an entity, which was influenced by virtual self-drive force, repulsive force and pre-avoid force. In the end, two simulation experiences of unidirectional and bidirectional flow were carried to prove the applicability of the proposed model.

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Physical Queue Discrete-time Dynamic Network Loading with Multiple Vehicle Types

LI Shu-guang, XU Hong-ke

2009, 9(1): 56-61 .

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This paper presents a physical-queue discrete-time dynamic network model for interacting with multiple vehicle types. Single type kinematics wave method is extended to multiple type kinematics wave method. It is assumed that only two flow conditions on link, one is queue condition, various vehicles can not overtake, and the speeds of various type vehicles are the same. The other is free flow condition; each type of vehicles can run according to the each type of free-flow velocity. The possible link inflow and exit-flow rates are calculated based on the cumulative link arrivals and departures, and then actual link inflow and exit-flow rates are provided. The simulation results show that the model can demonstrate the multimodal spillback conditions among the links.

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Simulation Initialization Method of Train Running on Passenger Dedicated Railway Line

MENG Ling-yun, YANG Zhao-xia, LI Hai-ying, JIANG Xi, MIAO Jian-rui, HE Zhen-huan

2009, 9(1): 62-67 .

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Train running simulation of PDL should possess higher precision in terms of the characteristics as high speed and high precision of passenger dedicated line (PDL). The simulation initialization is one of the key factors to improve precision of train running simulation. This paper proposes a new accurate simulation initialization method based on train performance calculation and rules-reasoning. The main process of the simulation initialization is designed first, and the train’s absolute position is abstracted in the signaling system. Then it put forward plus and minus rules collection, and provides reasoning mechanism. On the basis of the railway organization simulation system of PDL, this paper takes the under-constructing Beijing-Tianjin Passenger Dedicated Railway Line as background. Simulation experiments are respectively carried out using traditional way and accurate simulation initialization method in four-aspect fixed block signaling system and quasi-moving block signaling system. The results indicate that train running simulation precision ADT can be reduced by 23%.

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Simulation Platform for Non-signalized Intersection Based on Cellular Automation

CHEN Jun-hua,ZHANG Xing-cheng, ZHAO Ling,HUANG Ling

2009, 9(1): 68-73 .

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Cellular automation (CA) is a powerful tool for transport simulation. The fact that the traffic local rules were greatly briefed in the case of traditional CA model, was feasible to describ the law of simple vehicle flows, yet prevented from realistically resposing the complicated traffic flow situations at intersections. In this paper, a new two-dimension traffic CA model for non-signlized intersection is present. The major properties of this model include: it is a much finer model of intersection and it introducing driving behaviors at intersections which has never been considered in CA models before, such as saturate flow, following model, and gap acceptance behavior and so on. Thus, the model makes it capacable to consider the conflicting effects of all traffic flows and represents the complicated traffic situations at intersections. Finally, a simulation platform for a single intersection is built, which is proved to be reasonable and effective.

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Class of Comprehensive Optimization of Congested Road-use Pricing and Parking Pricing

SHI Feng,CHEN Yan, LI Heng-xin, DENG Lian-bo

2009, 9(1): 74-79 .

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Congested road-use pricing and parking pricing are two solutions to traffic congestions. Supposing congested road-use fee toll-gates and P&R (Park and Ride) systems are built at the vehicle passageways on the boundary of city central areas, when the private car travelers who want to enter city central area arrive at the vehicle passageways by car, they have two trip modes to choose: one is to pay the congested road-use fee to keep driving to city central areas; the other is to park first and then transfer to public traffic for city central areas. Through setting reasonable congested road-use pricing and parking pricing of P&R system, more private car travelers will be attracted by P&R trip mode, which will result in the reduction of cars entering city central areas and the relief of traffic congestions. Aiming at the above two trip modes, a combined trip network was designed, and the trip mode choice model based on logit was established. Based on the above work, considering maximizing Total User Benefit (TUB) as upper planning objective and the user equilibrium model based on combined trip network under elastic demand as lower planning, the bi-level planning of congested road-use pricing and parking pricing was developed, and the heuristic solution algorithm to this bi-level planning was designed. It shows that this bi-level planning is reasonable and its solution algorithm is efficient through a numerical example.

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Modeling Service Network Capacity for Urban Public Transport

ZHAO Hang, HE Shi-wei, SONG Rui

2009, 9(1): 80-86 .

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In this paper, the service network for urban public transport is constructed; besides, the concepts of total capacity, total effective capacity, potential capacity and noneffective capacity of the service network for urban public transport are also proposed. In addition, the key factors to the service network capacity for urban public transport are analyzed. The model for the total effective capacity of the service network for urban public transport is formulated according to the key factors to the service network capacity for urban public transport. The computational approach based on the genetic algorithm is provided and the efficiency of the solution is improved by the genetic algorithm to large sizes of mixed integer programming. The feasibility and effectiveness of the model and the algorithm were testified by the experimental example, and it showed that the practicability of the algorithm to mixed integer programming has set a foundation for further research of the service network capacity for urban public transport.

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Estimating Roadway Capacity Using the Simultaneous Spline Regression Model

YAO Jun, TENG Hua-liang, WEI Heng, HU Si-ji

2009, 9(1): 87-98 .

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Capacity can be derived as the maximum flow of the functions expressing the relationships between flow and speed or between flow and occupancy. Usually, only one of the relationships is used in the estimation. This results in loss of information in estimation of the capacity. When more than two relationships are used, the derived maximum flows from these two relationships don’t coincide, which results in different estimates of capacity. Even when only one relationship of the traffic variables is used, the functions describing the congested and uncongested conditions are usually estimated separately, which is another case where not all the information is utilized at the same time. In this study, a simultaneous spline regression model was adopted in estimating capacity using two relationships of traffic variables. Basically, a spline function is a piecewise function, each segment of which defines a traffic condition (e.g., congested or uncongested). An optimal procedure was developed in this study to estimate two piecewise functions and the breakpoints dividing the two piecewise functions simultaneously with the consideration of a common breakpoint as capacity. With this procedure, a unique estimate of capacity can be derived. Results of this study demonstrated the potential of using this procedure in obtaining a consistent estimate of roadway capacity.

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Improved Arithmetic about the Maximum Flow in Road Network Using Auxiliary Graph Theory

LI Ping-sheng, LI Bin, XIE Xiao-li, WANG Meng

2009, 9(1): 99-103 .

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In road network planning, locating the key sections is very useful to solve the traffic bottleneck. Locating the key sections is equal to finding the maximum flow. To begin with, this paper analyzed and compared kinds of methods solving the network maximum flow problem. Secondly, this paper pointed out a convenient method based on the auxiliary graph theory and Dijkstra method. That is to say, the method could be used to get the minimum cutset and the maximum flow using the shortest path algorithm, and the VC++ program was also used. Finally, based on the road network of Tianjin, an example was given for further explanation. Through comparison, it can be found that it is a convenient method to locate the key sections, and can support the transportation planning and management with theoretical basis and data.

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On the Exemption Standards of the Road Transport of Dangerous Goods in China

SHEN Xiao-yan, LIU Hao-xue, YAN Ji

2009, 9(1): 104-108 .

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In order to fill the gaps of the road transport exemption of dangerous goods in China, the policy-making processes of the dangerous goods transportation are analyzed and classified, which are firstly divided into three stages: the primary management stage from the initial liberation to the Mid-1980s, the standardize management from the Mid-1980s to the year of 2000, as well as the improvement management stage from the year of 2000 to present, respectively. Then, the necessities and urgencies of the establishment of transport exemption standards of dangerous goods in China are detail put forward. Finally, combing with the relevant foreign experiences, the exemption’s principles and contents are firstly proposed, which is helpful to draw up the transportation exemption of dangerous goods of Chinese Characteristics.

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Value of Drivers’ Commuting Travel Time

ZHAO Sheng-chuan, WANG Xi-wen, ZHANG Yu-xiang, YAO Rong-han

2009, 9(1): 109-112 .

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Value of drivers’ commuting travel time is an important parameter when implementing and appraising a road congestion pricing project. Both Logit model and Mixed Logit model whose time parameter is fixed and cost parameter has a lognormal distribution are used to estimate the value of drivers’ commuting travel time by using SP data from drivers in Dalian city. The result indicates: the value of t-statistic are significant in both Logit model and Mixed Logit model; Mixed Logit model estimation has a better value of goodness-of-fit index and maximum likelihood than Logit model; Value of drivers’ commuting travel time is 24.58RMB/h in Logit model estimation; Value of drivers’ commuting travel time has a lognormal distribution whose parameters are 2.73 and 1.09 in Mixed Logit model. The value of drivers’ commuting travel time from Mixed Logit model estimation is recommended when implementing and appraising a road congestion pricing project.

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Vehicle License Plate Image Binarization Based on Image Histogram

LI Gang, SONG Wen-jing

2009, 9(1): 113-116 .

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During the research for the license plate recognition based on the Digital Image Processing Technology, because the location and segmentation of license plate are usually based on the binarized image, the image binaryzation is a key step, and the results of the image binaryzation will impact the location and segmentation directly. The most important part of the image binaryzation is the determination of threshold. In this paper, several methods have been compared, and also the basic principles and computer simulation results of inter-class varimax and maximum entropy method have been analyzed. But we have found that these methods are not optional when used to process vehicle license plate images. Therefore, a new method has been put forward, which is the arithmetic of license plate image binarization based on image histogram. Experiments have proven that this arithmetic is optimal when used to process vehicle license plate images.

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Evolution of Energy Consumption Structure Based on Information Entropy

TIAN Zhi-yong, GUAN Zhong-liang, WANG Si-qiang

2009, 9(1): 117-121 .

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The researches on national energy structure are based on the simple ratio relationship and qualitative analysis for the complexity of affecting factors. The paper tries to fill the gap by studying the energy consumption structure by informational entropy theory and the principle of Maximum Informational Entropy. It introduces informational entropy theory briefly first, and then introduces it into the energy consumption structure research and designs the indicators of equilibrium and dominance degree to describe energy consumption structure quantitatively. In the end, the paper provides a simple demonstration that takes proved reserves into consideration to analyze the feasibility of the method. The demonstration analyzes the changes of the entropy indicators of China energy consumption between 2001 and 2006, and finds that much coal consumption is not the controlling matter. So it is important to research on improving coal efficiency and clean utility in energy planning and development on this condition.

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Sector Capacity Assessment Based on the Workload of ATC under the Procedural Control

LIU Huan, HU Ming-hua, QU Ying-jun

2009, 9(1): 122-127 .

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Area capacity evaluation is an essential and a key point to the effective implementation of air traffic flow management. It plays an important role in reducing flight delays and ensuring flying safety. With the increase of air traffic flow, the controller’s workload is rising and it has become one of the most important factors of the sector capacity. This paper deeply analyzed the controller’s workload model and the capacity evaluation from the aspects of both theory and practice. The definition of the controller’s workload was firstly introduced and the workload classification was put forward. Then the theory of evaluation model, which is based on the statistic of route flow, was established. After that, a specific method to evaluate the controller’s workload was discussed. Finally, based on the real data of Lanzhou airspace, the new controller’s and qualified controller’s workload evaluation for one sector was conducted with the presented model by regression analysis. The result accorded with the practice and validated the validity of the proposed model and method.

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Model of Subway Commuters’ Departure Time Choice with In-Carriage Congestion and Arrival Early/Late Penalty

WU Wen-xiang ,HUANG Hai-jun

2009, 9(1): 128-132 .

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Considering a subway connecting a resident area and a workplace, every morning, commuters use the subway for traveling from the residential area to the workplace. During rush hour, some commuters depart earlier or later for avoiding in-carriage congestion incurred by a large number of commuters. This paper presents a model for studying the subway commuters’ departure time choice behavior and the private travel total cost. The in-carriage congestion and arrival early/late penalty are considered in the model. At equilibrium, no user starts on the latest or earliest departure time. The departure rate at equilibrium state is linear to departure time. At equilibrium, for any given number of commuters, the solutions to the latest and earliest departure time are unique. Finally, numerical results are used to verify the analytical findings and explore the relationship between departure rate and some model parameters.

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Integrated Technical Application in Traffic Administration
Information System

ZHAO Xin-yong

2009, 9(1): 133-138 .

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This paper designs the overall technical framework for future development of traffic administration information system and the technology in respect of integrated application standardization, data acquisition, encrypted storage, MQ middleware, access request service, database retrieval, wireless mobile, and so on; establishes the platform of stage-transmission and storage of nationwide traffic administration data; develops a comprehensive traffic administration information query system; solves the current bottle-neck problem of single system function and failure to share information. The online browse and query of nationwide traffic administration information can be realized to provide the road patrol enforcement with relevant evidencing information about vehicles and drivers at any time and satisfy the demand for share of comprehensive traffic administration information with other police sectors and different trades.

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International Logistics Cost Model and Its Optimization Countermeasures

ZHOU Dao-ping,LI Gang

2009, 9(1): 139-144 .

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With the integration of global economic development, international logistics has witnessed rapid growth, Since China’s accession into WTO, more and more Chinese firms have stepped into the global market. However, compared with domestic logistics business in China, the international logistics is more complicated: long period, high cost and hard to control. In recent years, due to many reasons in various areas, such as, differences in culture, language, and even in currency in time Chinese firms are suffering from high international logistics cost even huge losses. Based on years of experiences in the international market, from a point of view of Chinese enterprises going global, this paper sets up the cost model of international logistics and puts forward some new cost optimization solutions and countermeasures. The solutions involve, dividing sales contracts into parts of equipment and services, splitting equipment contract into hardware and software, adopting customers clearance agent, leasing bonded area warehouse, utilizing free port as transfer location, setting up local manufacturing services companies in import country and using financial tools to avoid exchange rating losses etc. Based on the case study of a Chinese international business in Brazil, the effects of cost optimization are illustrated.

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Traffic Transfer Optimization of Higher Education Mega Center South in Guangzhou No.4 Metro Line

WANG Xiao-xia, XI En-chong

2009, 9(1): 145-149 .

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In order to optimize traffic transfer of higher education mega center south in Guangzhou No.4 Metro line, the authors conducted questionnaire survey to passengers about their professional work and their intention shifting from bus to metro. Then, the paper used comparative analysis to deal with total traveling time between metro with transfer conditions and bus without transfer conditions, and drawn a conclusion that passengers’ transfer time significantly exceeded their effective transfer time. Taking into account of the geographic location and passengers’ special attribute, at present, building vehicles parking lots and common transfer station, as well as moving nearby bus stations to metro stations are more appropriate. After the implementation of optimization, transfer time is expected to be cut down to three minutes, and about 31% of the passengers will be attracted to travel by metro.

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Assessing Effect of Traffic Signal Control Strategies on Vehicle Emissions

ZHANG Ying-ying,CHEN Xu-mei, ZHANG Xiao, SONG Guo-hua,HAO Yan-zhao, YU Lei,

2009, 9(1): 150-155 .

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In response to the increased traffic congestion and worsened air pollution, using the portable emission measurement system (PEMS), this paper collects and compares the real world emissions under signal coordination and non-coordination in Beijing, and analyzes the emission levels and distribution characteristics under these two control strategies. Furthermore, by integrating the microscopic traffic simulation model of VISSIM and the VSP-based approach of emission modeling, the paper develops an integrated microscopic simulation platform of traffic emissions, which is finally used to evaluate the impact of two traffic control strategies, alternative signal timing and traffic flow on emissions.

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Empirical Study Contact Based on Transportation Improvement: A Case of Yangtze River Delta Region

YAO Ying, OU Guo-li

2009, 9(1): 156-160 .

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There have been important trends of urban agglomeration across the world since the mid-20th century. China has entered a speeding development phase of urbanization presently, and urban agglomeration such as Yangtze River Delta region has played an important role in accelerating the economic growth of different regions. Transportation, as a linkage of regional economy, is the key to promote orderly development and reasonable organization of urban agglomeration. Based on a theoretical analysis of the relations of urban agglomeration and transportation, the paper has used Gravity Model to explain the role of transportation in strengthening the economic contact between two cities. And then taking Yangtze River Delta region as an example, the authors compare the intensity of economic contact between Shanghai and other cities under different transportation conditions, and point out that transportation improvement can help intensify economic contact between two cities. In the end, the suggestion of building regional mass rail transit to accelerate the development of urban agglomeration is given.

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